INTRODUCTIONDiabetes is a global endemic with rapidly increasing prevalence in both developed and developing countries. 1 DM is a group of metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. Uncontrolled diabetic patients are characterized by hyperglycemia, hyper insulinemia, protein glycation and oxidative stress which cause early appearance of diabetic complications.The chronic hyperglycemia is associated with long-term damage dysfunction, and failure of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood ABSTRACT Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrinological disease associated with hyperglycemia characterized by both insulin resistance and defective insulin secretion. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a routinely used marker for long-term glycemic control. This study is aimed at investigating the relationship between glycemic control and serum lipid profile and to evaluate the role of glycated haemoglobin as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in patients with type-2 diabetes and to evaluate the diagnostic value of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in predicting diabetic dyslipidemia as a marker of circulating lipids. The aim of the present study was to estimate glycated hemoglobin and lipid profile in patients with type 2 DM and compare it with controls (healthy subjects). The association of glycated hemoglobin with lipid profile evaluated. Methods: This study was conducted in 150 subjects, out of whom 75 were type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (cases) and 75 were non diabetic healthy subjects (controls).The sera were analyzed for HbA1c, fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL). Results: A significantly increased level of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is observed in cases compared to control. HbA1c showed direct and significant correlations with cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL and inverse correlation with HDL in cases when compared to controls. Our study also revealed a significant positive correlation between lipid profile and glycated hemoglobin. Conclusions: These findings clearly suggest that HbA1c can provide valuable supplementary information about the extent of circulating lipids besides its primary role in monitoring long-term glycemic control. Further studies are warranted to reinforce the potential of HbA1c as a biomarker for screening of high-risk diabetic patients.

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Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a homodimeric glycoprotein, member of the transforming growth factor β family of growth and differentiation factors. In the ovary, AMH has an inhibitory effect on primordial follicle recruitment as well as on the responsiveness of growing follicles to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The ovary-specific expression pattern in granulosa cells of growing non-selected follicles makes AMH an ideal marker for the size of the ovarian follicle pool. AMH levels accurately reflect the ovarian follicular reserve and could, therefore, be considered as an extremely sensitive marker of ovarian aging and a valuable tool in the diagnosis and the recognition of recurrence of granulosa cell tumors. Furthermore, AMH could be a surrogate diagnostic marker of polycystic ovary syndrome in cases in which ultrasonographic examination is not possible. Additionally AMH evaluation is of clinical importance in predicting the success of in vitro fertilization (IVF). Special reference is made to the possible implications of AMH in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome and the relationship between AMH and obesity. AMH also plays important role in evaluation of infants with ambiguous genitalia and other intersex conditions. This article is a review of the clinical usefulness of AMH evaluation in the fields of gynecological endocrinology, menopause, gynecological oncology and assisted reproduction and also in pediatric patients.

Background: A new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that emerged from Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, has spread throughout the world and is declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). A lot remains to be understood of SARS-CoV-2 and the disease (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 has until recently been identified as responsible for both asymptomatic and serious life-threatening infections. The unavailability of specific therapeutic agents is a major hurdle in the treatment and management of COVID-19 patients. The present review attempts to evaluate the immunobiochemical aspects of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Main Body: This review is a comprehensive evaluation of the data collected through various sources, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. The articles were searched and selected using key words such as “Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)”, “Diagnosis of COVID-19”, Pathogenesis of Covid-19”, “management of COVID-19”, “Immunology of COVID-19”, and “Complications of COVID-19”. The study noted that the novel Coronavirus infection could result in an exaggerated immune response, causing a cytokine storm and damaging several organs of the body. The infected patients develop several complications, including immunological, hematological, and biochemical alterations. Consequently, COVID-19 patients may develop cardiovascular, liver, renal, and neurological complications, among others. Conclusion: An increased understanding of the immunobiochemical aspects of the disease may contribute to better management of SARS-CoV-2-infected persons, as evidenced from the available literature. A holistic approach to the management of COVID-19 patients taking into consideration the effect of COVID-19 infection on various organs of the body assumes increased significance in patient management.

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to defective insulin secretion or action. Trace elements like Copper(Cu) and magnesium (Mg) have been found to be altered in diabetes mellitus and induce reactive oxygen species which has got role in progression of disease. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a surrogate marker of oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Aims And Objectives: Propose of the study was to estimate serum magnesium (Mg), copper and MDA levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and to compare with that of healthy individuals, also to identify the interrelationship among these and copper &magnesium can be used as an alternate marker of oxidative stress when MDA not available. Materials And Methods:The study included 75 control healthy individuals without Type2 DM and 75 Cases with type 2 DM. Serum concentrations of Glucose, Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL-C, HDL-C, HbA1c, Magnesium, Copper and MDA was measured. Student's t-test, Pearson correlations tests were used for statistical analysis. Results And Observations: The serum copper level was found to be significantly increased in type 2 DM with HbA1C >7% (157.32±16.89) when compared to control (106.24±25.99). The serum Mg level was found to be significantly decreased (1.62±0.29) (p < 0.0001) in type 2 DM with HbA1c >7 when compared to control (1.82±0.18). We found a significant increased level of serum Total Cholesterol and LDL-c and Triglycerides and decreased HDL-c in type 2 DM subjects with (p < 0.0001) HbA1c >7% when compared to control. MDA (4.62+1.17nmol/L) in type 2 DM patients when compared to controls(1.4+0.8 nmol/L)(p< 0.0001). Overall, mean serum MDA level in the study group was significantly higher than in the controls. Conclusion: Patients with DM had altered metabolism of Cu (hypercuprimiea) and Mg (hypomagnesaemia). As Cu and Mg has got role in metal induced free radical formation which leads to oxidative stress we compared with novel oxidative marker MDA and concluded that these two trace elements can be used as marker of oxidative stress, which can predict systemic inflammation in type 2 DM to prevent well know complication in advance.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is characterised by hyperglycaemia. Chronic elevation of hyperglycaemia lead to generation of free radicals and Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs) which results in damage of many organs such as heart, kidney, eyes, nerves and blood vessels. Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness among diabetic patients. Vitamin B12 is a vital micronutrient that is essential for the proper functioning of the central nervous, cardiovascular and haemopoetic systems. It is also found that its deficiency is more prevalent in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and evident clinically. Aim: To compare the serum vitamin B12 levels and Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in patients with and without diabetic retinopathy. Materials and Methods: This was hospital based observational case-control study conducted in Biochemistry Department in collaboration with Ophthalmology Department at the Oxford Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Yadavanahalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, from January 2018 to June 2018 with total of 90 subjects. Among 90 patients, 30 patients were with diabetes mellitus with Retinopathy (DR), 30 were with diabetes mellitus without retinopathy (NDR) and 30 were also recruited as control (healthy individuals). The mean and standard deviation were used to describe continuous data. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to statistically compare the mean difference between more than two sets of quantitative data. Results: The mean plasma blood glucose levels were higher in T2D patients with DR, Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) (270.4±94.2 mg/dL) and Postprandial Blood Glucose (PPBG) (425.6±131.8 mg/dL) compared to control subjects FBG (95.4±10.7 mg/dL). Among the T2D patients the plasma HbA1c concentration of DR group was found to be higher (11.0±2.3%) compared to the NDR group (p-value <0.001). While, the blood levels of vitamin B12 were comparable between the groups, serum vitamin B12 levels were significantly lower (p-value <0.001) in T2DM group with DR (200.7±201.9 pg/mL) compared to the control group (1004.8±304 pg/mL). Conclusion: The patients with diabetic retinopathy showed that low serum vitamin B12 is associated with elevated Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, as a result of poor glycaemic control, endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress leading to development and progression of DR.