Objective(s) The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of granisetron (5HT 3 receptor antagonist) on the incidence of nausea and vomiting in cesarean deliveries under spinal anesthesia. Method(s) In the randomized, double-blind study, 80 parturients received granisetron 40 lg/kg or placebo (n = 40 each) intravenously, immediately after clamping of the fetal umbilical cord. Nausea, vomiting, and adverse events were then observed for 24 h after administration of spinal anesthesia. Results A complete response (defined as no postoperative nausea and vomiting) during 0-4 h after administration of spinal anesthesia was achieved in 80 % of patients with granisetron and in 45 % of patients with placebo. The corresponding incidences during (4-24 h) were 82.5 and 55 % (P value\0.05). No difference in adverse events was observed in any of the groups. Conclusion(s) Prophylactic use of granisetron is effective for preventing emetic episodes during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery.
Objectives To assess the efficacy of calciuria as a diagnostic test for the prediction of preeclampsia, and also to determine the changes in urinary excretion of calcium in preeclampsia and normotensive women. Methods A prospective study was conducted on 60 primi mothers in the age group of 20-30 years, and all were enrolled at 16 weeks of gestation with clinical follow up by 4 weeks and 24 h urinary calcium and creatinine estimation. Ten mothers developed preeclampsia (study groups) and fifty remained normotensive (control groups). By means of Receiver-operator curve, a cut-off level of urinary calcium in 24 h was chosen for predicting preeclampsia. Results Preeclamptic women excreted significantly less total urine calcium (87.0 ± 3.59 mg/24 h) than normotensive women (303.68 ± 17.699 mg/24 h) (p \ 0.0001) at 40 weeks of gestation. Urinary calcium and calcium/ creatinine (Ca:Cr) ratio decreases progressively from 28 weeks to 40 weeks in the study group when compared to normotensive group. Conclusions Preeclamptic women excrete less calcium than normotensive women. This parameter would predict preeclampsia earlier in pregnancy.
Misoprostol could be a safe and easily accessible alternative to surgical evacuation, in cases of first trimester spontaneous onset incomplete miscarriage, and could be administered by the patient herself at home.
The purpose of this study is to show the assimilated styles, motifs and designs of the Late Mediaeval Temple Architectures of Tripura. Like the other parts of India, Tripura has been an important centre of interaction of several cultures and traditions. The state is a home to numerous Tribes having different traditions and cultures. Therefore there is a wide variety in the life style and cultures of this state. Due to the friendly nature of the Manikya kings, the state was globally well connected. In the Royal courtyard, many scholars, artists, architects and other literates were invited for cultural exchanges at that time. We can see the influences of those sharing thoughts in the Architectures of this state. The temples constructed during the late 15th-16th century exhibits motifs influenced from the Indo-Islamic architectures, Bengal temples, Indo- Burmese style and other indigenous elements of this region. These temples reflect a synthesis of the arts, ideas, religious beliefs, values and the way of life during the Manikya ages.
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