-The purpose of the present study was to characterize the Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony (MmmSC)-specific humoral immune response at both systemic and local levels in cattle experimentally infected with MmmSC, for a better understanding of the protective immune mechanisms against the disease. The disease was experimentally reproduced in zebu cattle by contact. Clinical signs, postmortem and microbiological findings were used to evaluate the degree of infection. Serum and bronchial lavage fluids (BAL) were collected sequentially, before contact and over a period of one year after contact. The kinetics of the different antibody isotypes to MmmSC was established. Based on the severity of the clinical signs, post mortem and microbiological findings, the animals were classified into three groups as acute form with deaths, sub-acute to chronic form and resistant animals. Seroconversion was never observed for the control animals throughout the duration of the experiment, nor for those classified as resistant. Instead, seroconversion was measured for all other cattle either with acute or sub-acute to chronic forms of the disease. For these animals, IgM, IgG1, IgG2 and IgA responses were detected in the serum and BAL samples.
A serological survey to determine the prevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in Mali was carried out by using the competitive enzyme linked-immunosorbent test (c-ELISA) on 8007 serum samples systematically collected from 199 cattle herds collected throughout the whole country. Results showed a national prevalence of 18.11 % at the individual level and 85.93 % at the herd level. Significant variations in the individual prevalence were observed between regions of the country and ranged from 4.63 % in Tombouctou to 54.88 % in Kidal. At the herd level, although there were variations between regions, a high prevalence was constantly observed ranging from 60 to 100 %, hence confirming the endemic nature of the disease across the country. The CBPP risk varied also between regions and was very low in Tombouctou (odds ratio (OR) = 0.4) but very high in Kidal (OR = 9.8). Similarly, the risk seemed higher in the animals of the over 3-year age group (OR = 1.6) compared to the other age groups. It was also observed that there was a slightly higher risk (OR = 1.3) in the females than in the males. This study confirms the presence of CBPP across the country and should help to elaborate strategies for the effective control of the disease.
This is a retrospective study on a cohort of 811 adult patients placed on ART between January 2004 and December 2011 at the hospital Nianankoro Fomba Segou in Mali, to describe their epidemiological, clinical and developmental profile for 48 months. The average age of patients was 35.2±9.4 years. The sex-ratio was 0.6. Approximately 58.3% of the patients were from rural areas. HIV1 represented 95.8%. Prolonged fever, weight loss and chronic diarrhea were the main reasons for testing. The majority of patients (64.5%) had stage III WHO. The mean CD4 cell count was 144±135.8/mm³ at screening. The evolution was favorable under immunological antiretroviral therapy. The survival rate at 48 months follow-up was 78% [64.1%-81.3%]. Patients followed in the structure are predominantly rural, female and young aged. They are diagnosed with advanced HIV infection. Antiretroviral therapy has led to the strengthening of the immune system and improved the clinical outcomes with a survival rate of 78%.
Une reproduction expérimentale de péripneumonie contagieuse bovine (Ppcb) a été effectuée par mise en contact étroit de quatorze zébus sains avec 12 bovins N’Dama naturellement infectés, issus d’un foyer actif de Ppcb. Les zébus sains ont été obtenus de différents troupeaux indemnes de Ppcb et non vaccinés contre la maladie depuis plusieurs années. Quatre zébus témoins, n’ayant jamais été en contact avec l’agent pathogène Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony (MmmSC), ont été isolés. L’expérimentation a duré 12 mois pendant lesquels tous les animaux ont été suivis cliniquement et prélevés à intervalles réguliers pour les analyses sérologiques et bactériologiques. Une analyse post mortem a été réalisée sur tous les animaux afin de déceler des lésions caractéristiques de la Ppcb et de prélever des échantillons pour l’isolement de MmmSC. L’ensemble des résultats a montré l’efficacité de transmission de la Ppcb par contact. Les animaux ont été classés en trois groupes en fonction de l’intensité des signes cliniques et post mortem, et des résultats de laboratoire : forme aiguë avec deux morts (5/13), forme subaiguë à chronique (6/13) et forme résistante (2/13). Les animaux ayant cliniquement manifesté la maladie ont présenté des lésions nécropsiques variées (hépatisation, séquestres, liquide pleural, adhérence pulmonaire, cicatrices fibreuses, etc.) ainsi qu’une séroconversion. MmmSC a pu être isolé des poumons hépatisés et du contenu des séquestres. En revanche, deux animaux, classés résistants, n’ont jamais présenté de signes clinique ni sérologique. Les animaux témoins sont demeurés cliniquement sains durant toute la période d’expérimentation ; à l’autopsie aucune lésion caractéristique de la Ppcb n’a été notée et les analyses de laboratoire sont restées négatives. La présente étude confirme les observations antérieures selon lesquelles la Ppcb peut être transmise avec succès aux bovins par contact. Ces résultats permettent de définir les bases expérimentales pour de futures études telles que la caractérisation des réponses immunes et pathologiques des bovins aux différentes phases et formes de la maladie.
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