Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activities of Datura innoxia Mill. leaves and seeds harvested in Mali. Place and Duration of Study: Collection of plant materials were done at Kolondieba (Mali) in june 2016. Evaluation of polyphenols and flavonoids contents, determination of antioxidant activities were done at Laboratory of Plant and Food Biochemistry and Biotechnology of University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (Mali) between august 2016 and March 2017. Methodology: The leaves and seeds were collected in Kolondieba, Mali. The phytochemical screening based on the standard methods of tube reactions has been performed with ethanol extracts. The quantitative estimation of total polyphenols was made by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and that of flavonoids by the use of aluminum trichloride. The in vitro antioxidant activities of the ethanol extracts was determined by three methods: the 1,1- diphenyl - 2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test, the ferric reducing ability power (FRAP) test and the Phosphomolybdate test (PPM). Results: The phytochemical screening revealed that leaves and seeds of this plant contains alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, coumarins, tannins, triterpenes and saponin. Phenolic contents of ethanol extracts are 30.97 ± 0.33 mg equivalent gallic acid / g in leaves and 14.02 ± 0.15 mg equivalent gallic acid / g in seeds; those of flavonoids are 15.13 ± 0.2 mg equivalent of quercetin / g in the leaves and 4.93 ± 0.41 mg equivalent of quercetin / g in the seeds. The three tests showed that the leaves have a higher level of antiradical activity in vitro than seeds. Conclusion: The results of this work showed that Datura innoxia Mill. has a good antioxidant activity which would justify its use as a potential source of natural antioxidants.

L’objectif de ce travail était de mener une enquête ethnobotanique dans quatre marchés des zones soudanienne (Bamako et Sikasso) et sahélienne (Banamba et Kolokani) du Mali afin de recenser les fruits de cueillette vendus et leurs usages médicinaux. L’enquête a été réalisée à l’aide de questionnaires et d’entretiens auprès des vendeurs de fruits. Les résultats ont montré que vingt-deux fruits de cueillette appartenant à dix-sept familles faisaient l’objet de commerce dans les marchés enquêtés et que la cueillette et la vente de ces fruits sauvages étaient une activité largement dominée par les femmes (88%). Les familles des Arecacées, Annonacées, Apocynacées et Fabacées étaient les plus représentées. Les fruits de Balanites aegyptiaca, Zizyphus mauritiana et Saba senegalensis étaient les plus cités. Six des vingt-deux fruits vendus (27,27%) : Lannea microcarpum, Parkia biglobosa, Saba senegalensis, Tamarindus indica, Vitellaria paradoxa, Zizyphus mauritiana étaient communs aux marchés des quatre villes. Il ressort également que ces fruits étaient non seulement consommés pour les besoins nutritionnels mais aussi pour la prise en charge traditionnelle de certaines pathologies (hypertension, diabète, paludisme, stérilité, etc.). Ces résultats constituent une base de données pour d’autres travaux visant à évaluer les potentialités nutritionnelles et antimicrobiennes de ces fruits.

Aims: This study aimed to assess the in vitro antibacterial effects of extracts from four wild food fruits: Balanites aegyptiaca, Saba senegalensis, Ziziphus mauritiana, and Raphia sudanica. Place and Duration of Study: The samples of plant material were collected at Banamba and Sikasso, Mali between January and May 2018. The bacterial strains were collected at Research Centre for Biological Food and Nutritional Sciences (CRSBAN), University Professor Joseph Ki-Zerbo; Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The experimental parts were also carried out at CRSBAN from October 2019 to January 2020. Methodology: The fruit extracts were screened for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, S. aureus, B. cereus, and L. monocytogenes strains. The diameters of the inhibition zones (ID), the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) as well as the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were evaluated using agar diffusion method. Results: The findings revealed that these parameters have varied as a function of fruit species and/or their zones of provenances. All fruit extracts showed significant growth reducing effect against all the tested bacteria. The extracts from R. sudanica have exhibited the strongest growth-inhibiting activity specifically against E. coli (ID = 15.33±0.58 mm) and Salmonella typhi (ID = 18.00±1.00 mm) with lower MIC (from 2.08±1.44 to 5.83±1.44 mg/mL). Moreover, the MBC/MIC ratios revealed that the extracts from the studied fruits possess mainly bacteriostatic effects towards the tested strains. Conclusion: These findings support local therapeutics properties attributed to these fruits. They also demonstrate that, in addition to their nutritional values, these edible fruits could be used for developing antibiotics to treat infectious diseases and food poisoning.

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Aims: The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anticholesterolemic activities of Chrysanthellum americanum extracts. Place and Duration of Study: The plant material was harvested in September 2021 at Findiala located in Kolondièba, Mali. The phytochemical screening and evaluation of anti-inflammatory and anticholesterolemic activities were performed at the Laboratory of Plant and Food Biochemistry and Biotechnologies of the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (Mali) from September 2021 to January 2022. Methodology: The phytochemical screening based on classical methods was performed. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was determined by the protein denaturation method. The binding capacity of protein hydrolysates to bile salts was used to evaluate the anticholesterolemic activity. Results: The screening of C. americanum extracts revealed the presence of numerous secondary metabolites including alkaloids, polyphenols, and flavonoids. These extracts at different concentrations showed a good anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. Indeed, at 1 mg/mL of extracts with protein denaturation inhibition rates ranging from 73.33% to 79.42% respectively for infusion and decoction, against 93.33% for diclofenac (positive control). Cholesterol reduction rates ranging from 36.28±2.44% to 72.37±2.29% were recorded. Trypsin hydrolysates showed the best results with 72.37% binding to sodium cholate after 90 minutes followed by the decoction with 58.30% binding to sodium deoxycholate after 90 minutes of hydrolysis with infusion. Conclusion: The data obtained from this study show the richness in anti-inflammatory and anticholesterolemic activities of C. americanum extracts. Therefore, this species could be a promising source of anti-inflammatory and anticholesterolemic agents.

The erection has always symbolized strength and virile health. Erectile dysfunction is undoubtedly a concern as old as humanity. Tamarindus indica L., Guiera senegalensis J.F.Gmel and Ximenia americana L. are commonly used in the traditional treatment of erectile dysfunction by the Bwa community in Mali. The aim of this study was to measure the total polyphenols and flavonoids and then to evaluate the antiradical activity of the extracts (aqueous and hydroalcoholic macerated and decocted) of the organs of these species. The study found that for all species, the hydro-alcoholic macerated extract showed the best results. The polyphenol contents have been 36.85±0.21 mgGAE/g; 32.60±0.25 mgGAE/g and 29.79±0.51 mgGAE/g for Ximenia americana, Tamarindus indica and Guiera senegalensis respectively. The flavonoid contents have been 22.03±0.15 mgQE/g; 17.53±0.02 mgQE/g and 8.03±0.03 mgQE/g for Ximenia americana, Tamarindus indica and Guiera senegalensis respectively. The antiradical activity expressed in IC50 is 37.54±0.75 µg/mL; 52.75±0.71 µg/mL and 54.66±1.14 µg/mL for Ximenia americana, Tamarindus indica and Guiera senegalensis respectively. This study revealed that those plants are rich in total polyphenols and show a good antiradical activity. This wealth would justify their traditional use. The biological tests would be necessary to confirm their use in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Keywords: Erectile dysfunction, polyphenols, antioxidant activity, Bwatun-Mali.

Currently, microencapsulation has become a viable method of nutrient delivery for the food industry. This work microencapsulated the bioactive compounds extracted from two neglected species (Balanites aegyptiaca and Ziziphus mauritiana) by freeze-drying. A combination of wall materials (whey protein and pectin; soy protein and maltodextrin) was chosen to prepare the microcapsules. The phytochemical and physicochemical characterization of the microcapsules was then carried out. The encapsulation yield ranged from 82.77% to 96.05% for Balanites and Ziziphus, respectively, whereas the efficiency was 76.18 ± 1.39% and 80.93 ± 1.71%. The stimulated in vitro gastrointestinal test showed that encapsulation increased the bioavailability of the bioactive compounds. The total carotenoids were the most bioavailable compounds with 85.89 ± 0.06% for Ziziphus and 70.46 ± 1.10% for Balanites, followed by total flavonoids for Zizyphus with 63.27 ± 1.56%. Furthermore, regardless of species or wavelengths, the HPLC analysis resulted in the identification of 17 bioactive metabolites. The predominant one was epicatechin, whose level ranged from 231.52 ± 5.06 to 250.99 ± 3.72 mg/100 g DW in Ziziphus and 91.80 ± 3.85 to 116.40 ± 4.09 mg/100 g DW in Balanites. In estimating the enzyme inhibition and antioxidant power, both studied fruits showed antidiabetic, inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. These findings suggest that natural bioactive compounds are abundant in the fruits of Z. mauritiana and B. aegyptiaca and could be a valuable source for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Dans la perspective d’améliorer l’accès aux services de base en eau potable, hygiène et assainissement (EHA), le Mali a fait de ce secteur une priorité depuis 2006. Cette étude avait pour objectif de mener une analyse critique du diagnostic de l’accès aux services de base EHA et l’impact des déplacés internes de la crise politique et sécuritaire de 2012 sur ces services dans la commune de Zan Coulibaly afin de proposer des stratégies locales pérennes. Les données ont été collectées à travers une fiche de questionnaire semi-structurée, des observations directes sur le terrain et la consultation des documents administratifs. L’enquête a révélé que les forages (40%) et les puits traditionnels (28%) étaient les principales sources d’approvisionnement en eau. La collecte de l’eau est une activité exclusivement féminine. Pour traiter l’eau de boisson à domicile, la filtration sur linge était la technique la plus utilisée (71%). Malgré un contexte pandémique à COVID-19, seulement 24 % des personnes interrogées lavaient les mains au sortir des toilettes et 22% avant de manger. Aussi, 16% des enquêtés pratiquaient toujours la défécation à l’air libre. De 2016 à 2020, on note une persistance des maladies diarrhéiques et une réapparition des maladies dues aux vers intestinaux. Par ailleurs une éradication du trachome et du choléra a été observée. Néanmoins, les résultats relatifs au site des déplacés internes de la crise, sont alarmantes. Ces données constitueraient une base pour mieux orienter les politiques et les actions futures relatives aux services EHA dans la commune de Zan Coulibaly. To improve the access to the basic water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services, Mali has made this sector a priority since 2006. This study aimed to conduct a critical analysis of the diagnosis of access to WASH basic services and the impact of internally displaced people from the political and security crisis of 2012 on these services in the rural commune of Zan Coulibaly in order to propose sustainable local strategies. The data were collected throughout a semi-structured questionnaire form, direct observations on the sites in the nine villages, and the consultation of executive documents. The survey revealed that the drilling (40%) and the traditional wells (28%) were the main sources of water supply. The water collection is an exclusively female activity. To treat drinking water at home, the filtration was the most commonly used technique (71%). Despite a pandemic context of COVID-19, only 24% of respondents washed their hands after leaving the toilet and 22% before eating. Also, 16% of respondents have always defecated in the free air. From 2016 to 2020, we note the persistence of diarrheal diseases and the reappearance of intestinal worm diseases. Otherwise, the trachoma and the cholera were eradicated. Nevertheless, the results relating to the internally displaced people from the crisis are alarming. These data could provide a basis for better guiding the future policies and actions in the provision of WASH services in the rural commune of Zan Coulibaly.