The solubility of CO 2 in NaCl solutions with mass fractions of 0.01 to 0.03 was measured at (30 to 60) °C and (10 to 20) MPa. The CO 2 was dissolved in NaCl solution in a pressurized vessel, and a sample of the saturated solution was removed from the vessel. The solubility was then estimated by measuring the mass of the sample and the pressure of the dissolved gas. On the basis of this experimental data, an equation for predicting the CO 2 mole fraction x 1 in NaCl solution as a function of temperature t ) (30 to 60) °C, pressure P ) (10 to 20) MPa, and mass fraction, S, of NaCl ) (0.01 to 0.03) was determined. H(P,T,S)/MPa ) 36.1P/MPa + 3.87T/K -1097.1 + (196P/MPa + 26.9T/K -8810)S, where H is Henry's coefficient, H ) P c /x 1 , P c is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, T is the absolute temperature, and S is the mass fraction of NaCl in the aqueous solution.

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The viscosity of aqueous NaCl solutions with dissolved CO 2 was measured at conditions representing an underground aquifer at a depth of (1000 to 2000) m for the geological storage of CO 2 (i.e., (30 to 60) °C and (10 to 20) MPa at a mass fraction of NaCl between 0 and 0.03 by using a sedimenting solid particle type viscometer with an estimated uncertainty of (2%). On the basis of this experimental data, an empirical equation for predicting this viscosity as a function of the temperature and mole fraction of CO 2 for these conditions was derived.

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Length Chapter 10 has been allocated a total of 68 pages in the SRREN. The actual chapter length (excluding references & cover page) is 90 pages: a total of 22 pages over target. The Executive Summary exceeds its allocation by 2 pages as it shall not exceed 1.5 pages. Expert reviewers are kindly asked to indicate where the Chapter and Executive Summary could be shortened in terms of text and/or figures and tables. Structure In light of the very successful IPCC WG III Expert Meeting 'Modelling Renewable Energies; Coherence Between Model Assumptions and Latest Technological Knowledge', new data and new literature the structure of Chapter 10 has been improved to follow a more logical order. This new structure is subject to IPCC plenary approval. Please note that all content from the chapter outline has been retained. Expert Reviewers are kindly invited to comment on these amendments. The content of the original 10.2 (Methodological Issues) is now integrated in each relevant subsection, where appropriate. Similarly, the content of the original 10.7 (Gaps in knowledge and uncertainties) now appears at the end of the relevant subsections , where appropriate. The original 10.3 (Assessment and synthesis of scenarios for different renewable energy strategies (top-down and bottom-up)) is shifted to section 10.2 and deals as before with an overview of medium to longterm global, aggregated models. The original section 10.4 (cost curves for mitigation with renewable energy) is split apart into the new sections 10.3 and 10.4. The new 10.3 (Assessment of representative mitigation scenarios for different renewable energy strategies) investigates those models further that have greater technological detail. The new 10.4 (regional cost curves for mitigation with renewable energy) extends on the old 10.4 and goes into further technical detail dealing with regional resource cost curves and mitigation cot curves. References First Order Draft Contribution to Special Report Renewable Energy Sources (SRREN) Do Not Cite or Quote 2 of 106 Chapter 10 SRREN_Draft1_Ch10 22-Dec-09 References highlighted in yellow are either missing or unclear. Tables & Figures The Numbering of tables & figures is not continuous and its structure differs between the numbers attached to the table & figure and the one in the text. That is, numbering of tables & figures starts new with every subsection 10.x and is structured 10.x.1, 10.x.2, … Numbering in the text starts with 1 in every subsection 10.x. Therefore, each reference can be clearly identified by the last digit. For example, in section 10.2, Figure 10.2.5 is referred to as Figure 5 in the text.

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Using two-fluid LES technology, a numerical model is developed to simulate double-plume formation under conditions relevant to CO 2 ocean sequestration applications. A small-scale ocean turbulent flow is created and maintained by a forced-dissipative mechanism and LES. Data on ocean currents, temperature and salinity were employed by the model as inlet boundary and initial conditions, respectively. A set of empirical formulae, calibrated with laboratory experimental data, was developed to describe momentum, mass and heat transfer phenomena. Using this model, the influence of the initial diameter of CO 2 droplets released in the deep ocean and thermal effects on the structure of two plumes were investigated. The height of the CO 2 droplet plume and the local minimum pH within the CO 2 -enriched seawater plume were found to be very sensitive to the initial diameter of injected CO 2 droplets. Plume height and pH are two key parameters to assess CO 2 sequestration efficiency and related biological impacts. Thermal effects associated with CO 2 dissolution appeared to have limited influence on CO 2 -enriched seawater plume structure and pH, but can significantly affect the LCO 2 plume and the temperature field near the CO 2 injection nozzle.