The production of heavy industry commodities is responsible for 1/3 of annual global GHG emissions. The Paris Agreement goals of +1.5-2°C require global emissions reach net-zero and possibly negative somewhere between 2060 and 2080. Given the normal timetable for retirement or retrofit of industrial facilities (>=20 years) all new equipment must be net-zero or negative carbon by the early 2040s. In this article we demonstrate to policymakers and modellers that industrial decarbonization is technically possible and how it might be achieved. First, we synthesize sectoral lab-bench and near-commercial technology options for reducing emissions to net-zero within 1-2 investment cycles, pathways more or less appropriate given regional resources (i.e. access to biomass, renewable electricity, or geological storage of CO 2) and political circumstances. Second, we synthesize policy options, focussing on those that encourage a managed transition from today's industry to net-zero emissions with a minimum of stranded assets, unemployment and social trauma.

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Using natural gas for fuel releases less carbon dioxide per unit of energy produced than burning oil or coal, but its production and transport are accompanied by emissions of methane, which is a much more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide in the short term. This calls into question whether climate forcing could be reduced by switching from coal and oil to natural gas. We have made measurements in Russia along the world's largest gas-transport system and find that methane leakage is in the region of 1.4%, which is considerably less than expected and comparable to that from systems in the United States. Our calculations indicate that using natural gas in preference to other fossil fuels could be useful in the short term for mitigating climate change.

The Paris Agreement introduces long-term strategies as an instrument to inform progressively more ambitious emission reduction objectives, whilst holding development goals paramount in context of national circumstances. In the lead up to COP21, the Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project developed mid-century low-emission pathways for 16 countries, based on an innovative pathway design framework. In this Perspective we describe this framework and show how it can support the development of sectorally and technologically detailed and policy-relevant country-driven strategies consistent with the Paris Agreement climate goal. We also discuss how this framework can be used to engage stakeholder input and buy-in; design implementation policy packages; reveal necessary technological, financial and institutional enabling conditions; and support global stocktaking and ratcheting of ambition.

Length Chapter 10 has been allocated a total of 68 pages in the SRREN. The actual chapter length (excluding references & cover page) is 90 pages: a total of 22 pages over target. The Executive Summary exceeds its allocation by 2 pages as it shall not exceed 1.5 pages. Expert reviewers are kindly asked to indicate where the Chapter and Executive Summary could be shortened in terms of text and/or figures and tables. Structure In light of the very successful IPCC WG III Expert Meeting 'Modelling Renewable Energies; Coherence Between Model Assumptions and Latest Technological Knowledge', new data and new literature the structure of Chapter 10 has been improved to follow a more logical order. This new structure is subject to IPCC plenary approval. Please note that all content from the chapter outline has been retained. Expert Reviewers are kindly invited to comment on these amendments. The content of the original 10.2 (Methodological Issues) is now integrated in each relevant subsection, where appropriate. Similarly, the content of the original 10.7 (Gaps in knowledge and uncertainties) now appears at the end of the relevant subsections , where appropriate. The original 10.3 (Assessment and synthesis of scenarios for different renewable energy strategies (top-down and bottom-up)) is shifted to section 10.2 and deals as before with an overview of medium to longterm global, aggregated models. The original section 10.4 (cost curves for mitigation with renewable energy) is split apart into the new sections 10.3 and 10.4. The new 10.3 (Assessment of representative mitigation scenarios for different renewable energy strategies) investigates those models further that have greater technological detail. The new 10.4 (regional cost curves for mitigation with renewable energy) extends on the old 10.4 and goes into further technical detail dealing with regional resource cost curves and mitigation cot curves. References First Order Draft Contribution to Special Report Renewable Energy Sources (SRREN) Do Not Cite or Quote 2 of 106 Chapter 10 SRREN_Draft1_Ch10 22-Dec-09 References highlighted in yellow are either missing or unclear. Tables & Figures The Numbering of tables & figures is not continuous and its structure differs between the numbers attached to the table & figure and the one in the text. That is, numbering of tables & figures starts new with every subsection 10.x and is structured 10.x.1, 10.x.2, … Numbering in the text starts with 1 in every subsection 10.x. Therefore, each reference can be clearly identified by the last digit. For example, in section 10.2, Figure 10.2.5 is referred to as Figure 5 in the text.

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