Amyloid β-protein (Aβ42) oligomerization is an early event in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Current diagnostic methods using sequence-specific antibodies against less toxic fibrillar and monomeric Aβ42 run the risk of overdiagnosis. Hence, conformation-specific antibodies against neurotoxic Aβ42 oligomers have garnered much attention for developing more accurate diagnostics. Antibody 24B3, highly specific for the toxic Aβ42 conformer that has a turn at Glu22 and Asp23, recognizes a putative Aβ42 dimer, which forms stable and neurotoxic oligomers more potently than the monomer. 24B3 significantly rescues Aβ42-induced neurotoxicity, whereas sequence-specific antibodies such as 4G8 and 82E1, which recognizes the N-terminus, do not. The ratio of toxic to total Aβ42 in the cerebrospinal fluid of AD patients is significantly higher than in control subjects as measured by sandwich ELISA using antibodies 24B3 and 82E1. Thus, 24B3 may be useful for AD diagnosis and therapy.
The purpose of this study was to develop a novel electrical retrieval method (ER method) for living sponge-associated microorganisms from marine sponges frozen at −80 °C. A −0.3-V vs. Ag/AgCl constant potential applied for 2 h at 9 °C induced the attachment of the sponge-associated microorganisms to an indium tin oxide/glass (ITO) or a gallium-doped zinc oxide/glass (GZO) working electrode. The electrically attached microorganisms from homogenized Spirastrella insignis tissues had intact cell membranes and showed intracellular dehydrogenase activity. Dead microorganisms were not attracted to the electrode when the homogenized tissues were autoclaved for 15 min at 121 °C before use. The electrically attached microorganisms included cultivable microorganisms retrieved after detachment from the electrode by application of a 9-MHz sine-wave potential. Using the ER method, we obtained 32 phyla and 72 classes of bacteria and 3 archaea of Crenarchaeota thermoprotei, Marine Group I, and Thaumarchaeota incertae sedis from marine sponges S. insignis and Callyspongia confoederata. Employment of the ER method for extraction and purification of the living microorganisms holds potential of single-cell cultivation for genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome analyses of bioactive compounds producing sponge-associated microorganisms.
A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, heterotrophic, stalked and capsulated bacterium with potential denitrification ability, designated strain TAR-002 T , was isolated from deep seafloor sediment in Japan. Colonies lacked lustre, and were viscous and translucent white. The ranges of temperature, pH and salt concentration for growth were 8-30 6C, pH 6.0-10.0 and 1-3 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences confirmed that strain TAR-002 T belongs to the genus Brevundimonas of the class Alphaproteobacteria. Levels of similarity between the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain TAR-002 T and those of the type strains of species of the genus Brevundimonas were 93.5-98.9 %; the most closely related species was Brevundimonas basaltis. In DNA-DNA hybridization assays between strain TAR-002 T and its phylogenetic neighbours, Brevundimonas lenta DS-18 T , B. basaltis J22 T , Brevundimonas subvibrioides ATCC 15264 T and Brevundimonas alba DSM 4736 T , mean hybridization levels were 6.4-27.7 %. The G+C content of strain TAR-002 T was 70.3 mol%. Q-10 was the major respiratory isoprenoid quinone. The major fatty acids were C 18 : 1 v7c and C 16 : 0 , and the presence of 1,indicates the affiliation of strain TAR-002 T with the genus Brevundimonas. On the basis of biological characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, strain TAR-002 T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Brevundimonas, for which the name Brevundimonas denitrificans sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is TAR-002 T (5NBRC 110107 T 5CECT 8537 T ).
A novel Gram-positive-staining, strictly aerobic and heterotrophic bacterium, designated strain LL-002 T , was isolated from organics-and methane-rich seafloor sediment at a depth of 100 m in Kagoshima Bay, Kagoshima, Japan. Colonies were lustreless and translucent white in colour. The temperature, pH and salt concentration ranges for growth were 10-30 8C, pH 6.0-6.5 and 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences confirmed that strain LL-002 T belongs to the genus Aneurinibacillus of the family Paenibacillaceae. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between strain LL-002 T and the type strains of species of the genus Aneurinibacillus were 92.8-95.7 %; the highest sequence identity was with the type strain of Aneurinibacillus migulanus. The DNA G+C content of strain LL-002 T was 46.2 mol%. MK-7was the predominant menaquinone. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C 15 : 0 and anteiso-C 15 : 0 , and the cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and glutamic acid, glycine and alanine in addition to muramic acid and glucosamine. The peptidoglycan type was A1c. In DNA-DNA hybridization assays between strain LL-002 T and the type strains of the other species of the genus Aneurinibacillus, the level of hybridization was 6.3-30.1 %. On the basis of its biological features and the 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison presented here, strain LL-002 T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Aneurinibacillus, for which the name Aneurinibacillus tyrosinisolvens sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is LL-002 T (5NBRC 110097 T 5CECT 8536 T ).Bacillus aneurinolyticus was described as a thiaminedecomposing bacterium by Aoyama (1952) and the description of the species was revised by Shida et al. (1994). Aneurinibacillus and Brevibacillus were established as new genera arising from the reclassification of the Bacillus aneurinolyticus and Bacillus brevis groups, based on polyphasic taxonomic analyses (Shida et al., 1996). At the time of writing, six species have been described in the genus Aneurinibacillus with validly published names [Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus (Aoyama, 1952; Shida et al., 1994Shida et al., , 1996Heyndrickx et al., 1997), A. migulanus (Takagi et al., 1993;Shida et al., 1996;Heyndrickx et al., 1997), A. danicus (Goto et al., 2004), A. thermoaerophilus (Meier-Stauffer et al., 1996Heyndrickx et al., 1997), A. terranovensis (Allan et al., 2005) and A. soli (Lee et al., 2014] and 20 species have been assigned to the genus Brevibacillus. The genus Aneurinibacillus is closely related to the genus Brevibacillus, and it is difficult to distinguish species of the two genera by biochemical and chemotaxonomic assays and molecular analysis such as amplified rRNA gene restriction analysis (Logan et al., 2002). However, the sequence of the 59 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene (nucleotide positions 70-344; Bacillus subtilis numbering) has proven to be a useful marker for
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