Several community-based surveys on the prevalence of Parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease have been conducted worldwide, with variations on their methodology and results. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of Parkinsonism and its causes in a cohort of individuals age 64 years or older in Bambuí, a Brazilian town. In phase I, 1,186 people older than 64 years responded to a 9-question screening questionnaire for Parkinsonism. In phase II, all subjects who scored > or = 2 points on the test were examined independently by at least 2 movement disorder-trained physicians. A movement disorder senior specialist excluded or confirmed the diagnosis in all suspected cases. The response rate was high for both phases (96% for phase I and 94% for phase II). The prevalence rate per 100 population over 64 years of age in this group was 7.2% for Parkinsonism of all types (n = 86). The most frequent causes were idiopathic Parkinson's disease and drug-induced Parkinsonism, with prevalence rates of 3.3% (n = 39) and 2.7% (n = 32), respectively. The prevalence of vascular Parkinsonism was 1.1% (n = 13). We found 1 case of posttraumatic Parkinsonism and another with multiple system atrophy. In this first population-based study of Parkinsonism conducted in Brazil, the prevalence in a cohort of elderly subjects was higher than the observed in other populations worldwide, especially because of the high rates of drug-induced and vascular Parkinsonism. The prevalence of Parkinson's disease was similar to that observed in elderly people in door-to-door surveys in other American, European, and Eastern countries.

Across Latin American and Caribbean countries (LACs), the fight against dementia faces pressing challenges, such as heterogeneity, diversity, political instability, and socioeconomic disparities. These can be addressed more effectively in a collaborative setting that fosters open exchange of knowledge. In this work, the Latin American and Caribbean Consortium on Dementia (LAC‐CD) proposes an agenda for integration to deliver a Knowledge to Action Framework (KtAF). First, we summarize evidence‐based strategies (epidemiology, genetics, biomarkers, clinical trials, nonpharmacological interventions, networking, and translational research) and align them to current global strategies to translate regional knowledge into transformative actions. Then we characterize key sources of complexity (genetic isolates, admixture in populations, environmental factors, and barriers to effective interventions), map them to the above challenges, and provide the basic mosaics of knowledge toward a KtAF. Finally, we describe strategies supporting the knowledge creation stage that underpins the translational impact of KtAF.

Doença de Alzheimer, demência vascular, demência com corpos de Lewy e demência frontotemporal são as quatro causas mais freqüentes de demência na prática clínica. O diagnóstico diferencial dessas condições se baseia na busca de perfis clínicos característicos por anamnese adequada, exame neurológico e avaliação neuropsicológica, além de investigação complementar pertinente, que consiste em exames laboratoriais e de neuroimagem. O presente artigo apresenta breve revisão das características principais de cada uma dessas formas de demência, com ênfase em aspectos relativos ao diagnóstico.

Background: People with dementia and their family caregivers may face a great burden through social isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be manifested as various behavioral and clinical symptoms. Objective: To investigate the impacts of social isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals with dementia and their family caregivers. Methods: Two semi-structured questionnaires were applied via telephone to family caregivers of people diagnosed with dementia in three cities in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, in order to assess clinical and behavioral changes in people with dementia and in their caregivers. Results: In general, 321 interviews were conducted. A significant decline in memory function has been reported among 53.0%of people with dementia. In addition, 31.2%of individuals with dementia felt sadder and 37.4%had increased anxiety symptoms. These symptoms of anxiety were greater in individuals with mild to moderate dementia, while symptoms of agitation were greater in individuals with severe dementia. Moreover, compulsive-obsessive behavior, hallucinations, increased forgetfulness, altered appetite, and increased difficulty in activities of daily living were reported more frequently among individuals with moderate to severe dementia. Caregivers reported feeling more tired and overwhelmed during this period and these symptoms were also influenced by the severity of dementia. Conclusion: Social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic triggered a series of negative behavioral repercussions, both for people with dementia and for their family caregivers in these three South American countries.

The Brazilian version of the ACE-R displayed high diagnostic accuracy for the identification of mild AD in the studied sample.

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The elevation in cortisol concentrations is associated with dementia, independently of APOE genotypes. Further studies are required to understand if elevation of cortisol is an initial event and how hippocampal damage and the loss of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis inhibition may affect its concentrations.

Objectives: To present the methods and baseline characteristics of the Pietà study, a population-based survey investigating successful brain aging in the oldest-old. Method:The study was conducted in Caeté (MG), Brazil. In 2007, 1,251 individuals aged 75+ years were living in the city and were invited to participate. Participants responded to a general health questionnaire and were submitted to clinical, neurological, cognitive, psychiatric and functional evaluations. A subgroup was submitted to neuropsychological testing, blood tests and magnetic resonance of the skull. Individuals were classified as having cognitive impairment-no dementia, dementia, parkinsonism, psychiatric disorders or successful brain aging. Results: We evaluated 639 individuals (51.1% of the target population; 64% women), aged 81.4±5.2 years and with 2.7±2.6 years of schooling. Almost 30% of the elderly were illiterates and 82.1% belonged to middle/middle-low socioeconomic levels. Almost 50% were widows, but only 14.3% were living alone. Conclusion: The Pietà cohort is representative of the oldest-old Brazilian population. We believe the results of the study may contribute to increase our knowledge about healthy and pathological brain aging in the oldest-old. Key words: aging, epidemiology, brain, cognitive impairment, dementia, depression.Estudo Pietà: investigação epidemiológica sobre envelhecimento cerebral bem sucedido em Caeté (MG), Brasil. Métodos e características de base da coorte RESUMO Objetivos: Apresentar os métodos e as características sociodemográficas do projeto Pietà, estudo de base populacional que investiga o envelhecimento cerebral bem sucedido em uma coorte de idosos muito idosos. Método: O estudo foi conduzido em Caeté (MG). Em 2007, 1.251 indivíduos com 75+ anos residiam no município e foram convidados a participar. Os idosos responderam a um questionário de saúde geral e foram submetidos à avaliação clínica, neurológica, cognitiva, psiquiátrica e funcional. Um subgrupo realizou avaliação neuropsicológica, exames laboratoriais e ressonância magnética de crânio. Os participantes foram classificados em grupos com comprometimento cognitivo-não demência, demência, parkinsonismo, transtornos psiquiátricos ou envelhecimento cerebral bem sucedido. Resultados: Foram avaliados 639 idosos (51,1% da população-alvo; 64% mulheres), com idade 81,4±5,2 anos e escolaridade 2,7±2,6 anos. Quase 30%