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A huo-dimenswnol -rim1modeling study was undertaken to account for coupled turbulent Jbw and hent transfer with solidijiurtrurtron in the mold and submold regr'ons of a steel slab caster. Liquid steel is inlmdued in& a waier-ewled mold through a bifiucated submerged entry Mule. Turbulence p h e m m e~ in the meU pool of the cactcr were accounted for, using a modified version of the low-Reymldr-number k-e turbulence model of Lounder and Sharma. nK mushy region solidificcrtion, in the presence of turbulence, was taken into account by modifying the standard enthalpy-porosity technique, which is present& popular for modeling solidijiention problems. nK~~ermrrurpiUary and buoyancy effects / w e been considered in this model to evaluate the influrnces of the liquid &ace tension gradient at the meniscus sudace, ond Mhuol convection on Jlow pattern in the liquid pool. Pammehic studies were urrried out to evaluate the effea3 of typiul variables, such as i& superheat and m ' n g speed, an the m i d Jlow ond heat rronfer &. llw numen'cnl predictr'ons were compared with auoiloble erpcrimntal &a.

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Inert gas shrouding practices were simulated using a full-scale, four-strand water model of a 12-tone, delta-shaped tundish. Compressed air was aspirated into the ladle shroud to model volumetric flow rates that range between 2 and 10 pct of steel entry flows. Bubble trajectories, slag layer movements, and flow fields, were visualized. Flow fields were visualized using particle image velocimetry (PIV). A numerical model also was developed using discrete phase modeling (DPM) along with the standard k-e turbulence model with two-way turbulence coupling. Predicted flow fields and bubble trajectories corresponded with the water model experiments.

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