Taken together these results suggest that the low MIC of A. paniculata methanolic leaves extract (0.06 mg/mL) reduce HO toxicity and more importantly, was in itself effectively inhibitory against S. aureus. Further, our observations suggest that a probable mode of its inhibitory mechanism against S. aureus is by reducing total SOD activity through downregulation of sodA and sodM expressions.
Probiotics are living microorganism that can be employed as a new approach to promote
human health. These organisms are found to have attractive means for health due to their
probiotic properties particularly in generating antimicrobial activity. Lactobacillus spp. is
one of the main genera commonly used for probiotic purpose. Human milk is a potential
source of Lactobacillus spp. and one of the criteria that found beneficial is that it is of
human origin, which could be more reliable sources to be used in human. Lack of studies
on isolation of probiotic bacteria from human milk was reported and some probiotic
properties show a variation between strains from different regions and population.
Therefore, it is important to carry out the isolation of Lactobacillus spp. from a large
number of species in the genera to facilitate the finding of the most competent strain to be
incorporated as probiotic agent. Moreover, to ensure suitability and compatibility for
human use, the probiotic agent originated from human milk should not be an exception. In
addition, certain probiotics show a great correlation with prebiotic existed in human milk
to boost their function and may suggest an added value to be a suitable candidate as
probiotic. This review provides an overview of studies related to human milk as the
promising sources for isolation of probiotic microorganisms.
Listeria monocytogenes subtyping is important in food processing environment or in epidemiological studies in order to identify the contamination sources and spreading routes, and to investigate the food-borne outbreaks. This study employs the combination of serotyping and random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD) analysis methods to characterize the isolated L. monocytogenes strains in food samples from local markets. Listeria antisera kit was used in serotyping which grouped L. monocytogenes isolates based on the expression of somatic and flagellar antigens. The L. monocytogenes serovars were further classified into RAPD types based on polymorphic banding patterns generated by using 10 random RAPD primers. The 23 isolated strains were divided into four different serotypes consisting 4b (43.5%), 1/2b (34.8%), 4d (8.70%) and 4e (4.35%) with two untypable isolates (8.70%). 11 banding patterns were obtained from each selected primer, OPA10 and OPA14 with DNA fragments ranging from approximately 0.15 kb to 1.1 kb. The constructed dendograms showed similarity percentage of 4% to 100% for OPA10, 12% to 100% for OPA14 and 4% to 100% for combination of primers. At a comparative genetic similarity of more than 90%, 21 distinguish RAPD profiles were obtained. The discriminatory of RAPD analysis method was proven as it could distinguish the isolates from the same serovar. However, between the two primers used, OPA14 provide better discriminatory results than OPA10 although it failed to type one isolate. These findings suggest that the application of RAPD analysis could be a useful tool in characterization of L. monocytogenes isolated from foods as it may provide important information on crosscontamination potential sites. Thus, the microbial monitoring should be applied and continuously performed in order to control listeriosis infection. The data may be useful for the food producers or epidemiological and public health studies of Listeria spp.
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