No abstract

No abstract

Este estudo investiga a relação entre a capacidade de memó-ria de trabalho e a densidade lexical (DL) no desempenho oral e no de-senvolvimento da habilidade de produção oral em L2. Os 45 participan-tes deste estudo foram submetidos a duas coletas de dados, cada umaconsistindo de um teste de amplitude de memória de trabalho duranteo desempenho oral, adaptado de Daneman (1991), e de uma tarefa deprodução oral em L2, com um intervalo de doze semanas entre elas.A DL foi determinada pela proporção de itens lexicais repetidos e nãorepetidos na fala dos participantes. Os resultados mostram que a am-plitude da memória de trabalho está negativamente relacionada à DLoral em L2, ou seja, os participantes com maior amplitude usaram maisitens lexicais repetidos. Quanto ao desenvolvimento da habilidade oral,apenas os participantes com menor amplitude de memória de trabalhodemonstraram um aumento signi& cativo na medida de DL ao longo dasduas fases de coleta de dados.

No abstract

This study aims to investigate working, declarative, and procedural memory in children with (central) auditory processing disorder who showed poor phonological awareness. Thirty 9- and 10-year-old children participated in the study and were distributed into two groups: a control group consisting of 15 children with typical development, and an experimental group consisting of 15 children with (central) auditory processing disorder who were classified according to three behavioral tests and who showed poor phonological awareness in the CONFIAS test battery. The memory systems were assessed through the adapted tests in the program E-PRIME 2.0. The working memory was assessed by the Working Memory Test Battery for Children (WMTB-C), whereas the declarative memory was assessed by a picture-naming test and the procedural memory was assessed by means of a morphosyntactic processing test. The results showed that, when compared to the control group, children with poor phonological awareness scored lower in the working, declarative, and procedural memory tasks. The results of this study suggest that in children with (central) auditory processing disorder, phonological awareness is associated with the analyzed memory systems.

Entomopathogenic nematodes of the genera Steinemema and Heterorhabditis may provide a valuable alternative to chemical insecticides. The characteristics that make them excellent biopesticides include their wide host spectrum, the ability to search for and kill hosts rapidly, and their high virulence and reproductive rates. Furthermore, they are considered environmentally safe. The major constraint to overcome before the onset of commercialisation is their mass production. Entomopathogenic nematodes are currently mass-produced in vivo or in vitro, either in solid culture or in liquid cultivation. An overview of these mass production methods and an analysis of three different bioreactor designs are presented. The progress achieved in liquid culture due to an improvement on sexual contact between adults (better mixture of the solid phase), which results in higher yields (RF), as compared with those reported before, is demonstrated. This improvement in the area of bioreaction engineering allowed these biopesticides to become more competitive compared to chemical insecticides. However, further technological advances and biological studies towards a better understanding of physiology and genetics of the complex nematode-bacterium are still required.

Neste artigo apresentamos os resultados de um experimento conduzido com o objetivo de investigar o efeito de cognatos triplos no acesso lexical de falantes de inglês (L3), alemão (L2), e português brasileiro (L1). Os participantes desempenharam uma tarefa de leitura, contendo 60 sentenças experimentais com as seguintes palavras críticas: cognatos triplos, cognatos duplos entre o português brasileiro e o inglês, e cognatos duplos entre o alemão e o inglês. Os movimentos dos olhos dos participantes foram monitorados enquanto eles desempenhavam a tarefa. As medidas de primeira fixação e tempo de primeira leitura foram analisadas. Os resultados sugerem que os cognatos triplos foram processados mais rapidamente do que seus respectivos controles para as medidas de primeira fixação (M: 264/311ms (cognato/controle); p=0,03) e primeira leitura (M: 407/448ms (cognato/controle); p=0,05), o que foi interpretado como evidência de um acesso lexical não seletivo e de um léxico integrado para as línguas do multilíngue. Adicionalmente, os resultados contribuem para a literatura sobre acesso lexical de multilíngues, favorecendo a visão de que todas as línguas do multilíngue se encontram ativadas, mesmo quando o falante tem a intenção de usar apenas uma dessas línguas.

This study investigates the relationship between individual differences in working memory capacity and L2 speech development. Thirty-two undergraduate English as a Foreign Language students participated in this study, which involved two data collection phases, each consisting of a working memory test (the speaking span test) and a speech generation task, with a two-month interval between the two data collections. Participants' speaking samples were analyzed in terms of fluency, accuracy and complexity. The results show that only lower span individuals demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in working memory capacity and that such improvement was not a function of increased proficiency. In addition, although the speaking span test predicted fluency and complexity in participants' L2 speech, it was not a good indicator of the development of speech accuracy.