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Magnetic and electricalresistivity tomography (ERT) surveys were carried out in the area of a Roman militaryinstallationlocatednear the Zeugma archaeologicalsitein southeasternTurkey.Magneticgradiometer surveys were performed in the northern part of this area and covered 8.52 ha; measurements were obtained using a FM-36 fluxgate gradiometer on a 0.5 Â1m grid. The visualized data revealed the general orientation of the Roman military settlement, which appeared as regular structures in the magnetic images.In addition, ERTsurveys were performed in some areas that had shown regular magnetic anomalies. Resistivity data were interpreted using the robust inversion algorithm in two-dimensional and three-dimensional forms. Resistivity tomography studies showed that the archaeological structures lay close to the surface. There was considerable agreement between the results of the magnetic and ERTsurvey methods. Trial trenches were excavated in promising areas to test the geophysical results. A range of distinctive elements of military settlement, such as walls, pipes, roads, foundations and also metallic objects (a large assemblage of Roman military helmets and armour) were discovered during the excavations.

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In archaeology, multilayered settlements (höyük, tell, tepe) are among the most important sites for investigation and excavation. This type of site is a subcircular, nucleated settlement composed of mud-and stone-based materials remaining from different archaeological times; it presents a complex archaeological context. This study tests the capability of the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method by simulation of multilayered archaeological settlements. This study also discusses the usefulness of the data acquisition and inversion facilities of ERT surveys to define buried structures and settlement plans of various archaeological layers of the settlements. A robust inversion technique was performed during the modelling studies in which the forward solution of the objective function (Poisson equation) was solved using the finite-element approach. The ERT results reveal that a 'semi-fully three-dimensional' investigation provides more accurate solutions than 'quasi-three-dimensional' applications. According to the inversion results, dipole-dipole and pole-dipole arrays describe the model better than Wenner, Wenner-Schlumberger and pole-pole arrays. The effects of interelectrode and interline spacing, as well as line orientation, were also investigated during the modelling studies. Based on the modelling approach, a reasonable field and inversion strategy for ERT studies of the multilayered settlements is suggested. We conclude that ERT is a highly suitable technique for the determination of settlements that have layered stratigraphy.

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