Background and Objectives: Retention is important stage of orthodontic treatment that preserves teeth in new positions. To make occlusion stable after orthodontic treatment, retention protocol is recommended. There is great variation among orthodontists regarding type, duration and strategies of retention following orthodontic treatment. Therefore, the aim of current survey was to identify the common retention procedures and to evaluate the results with similar studies conducted in different countries. Patients and methods: thirty five questionnaires in total with 20 questions were sent to all members of the Iraqi Orthodontic Society living in the Kurdistan region-Iraq. 35 orthodontists were responded to questionnaires. The questionnaire represents specific information about socio-demographic status of the respondents, selection of a retention system, details of commonly used retainers, the duration of the retention period, supervision of the retainers, instructions for patients. After receiving of the completed 35 questionnaires, the data were statistically analyzed. Results: Bonded retainer was the most common retainer for both maxillary (48.57%) and mandibular (65.71%) arches. 28.54% of the orthodontist ended bonded retention within 2 years, while 37% of orthodontists continued retention for more than 2 years. 77.14 % of participants advised to wear the removable appliances on a full-time basis during the first 6 months. Conclusion: All Orthodontists prescribe retention system. Fixed lingual retainer are the most common retainer among orthodontists. This is comparable to the most common prescribed type of retainers in other countries, but there are differences about duration and follow-up protocols.
Objective: To assess dental arch dimensions (width, depth) in mixed dentition in a sample of Kurdish orthodontic patients. Methods: A sample of 58 dental casts (28 class I, 30 class II division 1 malocclusions) from 8 years and two months to 10 years and nine months were collected. Measurement of arch dimensions was taken, including width and depth. Differences between males and females and between class I and class II division 2 malocclusion were tested using independent t-test. Results: With gender pooled, class I group has larger UC, UE, U6, LE, L6 width than class II group, whereas class II group has larger LC width than class I group with no significant difference. The class II group has larger arch depth for maxillary measurements than the class I group, with no significant difference. While the class I group has larger arch depth for mandibular measurements than the class II group, with no significant difference except for LC. In gender dimorphism, class I group, all arch width measurements, females have a larger width than males except L6; all differences were no significant. While in all arch depth measurements, males have larger depth than females. In the class II group, all measurements of width and depth were larger in males than females, the difference in UE and U6 were significant. Conclusions: Class I malocclusion has larger width and depth than class II division 1 malocclusion, except in the maxillary depth of class II division 1 malocclusion. Males had larger arch dimensions than females.
Background and objectives:Dental maturation is widely used to assess maturity and to predict age. Age estimation plays a great role in clinical dentistry, especially in orthodontics, pedodontics and forensic dentistry and aid in diagnosis and treatment planning. Demirjian method is one of a commonly used methods. The aim of this study was to find out the applicability of Demirjian's method for dental age estimation for Kurdish subjects in Erbil City. Methods: The study was conducted on orthopantomograms of 125 Kurdish subjects (65 males, 60 females) in Erbil City, their ages ranged between 9 to 15 years old. Demirjian method was used to assess dental age based on the degree of mineralization of the seven left mandibular teeth, and t-tests were used to assess the difference between dental age and chronological age. Results: A strong linear correlation between dental and chronological ages for both males and females were observed (r = 0.845, 0.893). The mean difference between the chronological and dental ages showed an overestimation of 0.18 and 0.56 years for males and females respectively. Conclusion: Demirjian's method of dental age estimation showed accuracy in most age groups (except in 9 and 12 age groups in females) in Kurdish subjects in Erbil City.
Objectives: Biocompatibility is an essential requirement for orthodontic appliances, but it leaches metallic ions in the presence of saliva, prophylactic mouthwashes, and toothpaste. This study evaluates the amount of ion release from orthodontic brackets and archwires after immersing them in two different mouthwash and distilled water types. Methods: Twenty-four orthodontic sets for one mandibular quadrant, including (five brackets), one buccal tube, and a half of the required length of CuNiTi archwires for each set were used. The samples were dipped in Ortho Kin, Kin Forte, distilled water, and measurements were taken at two time points, first after twenty-four hours and second after two weeks. Distilled water was used as the control group. Then the amount of metallic ion release is evaluated by ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) spectroscopy. Results: Results showed that the highest concentration of metallic ion release was from samples containing Ortho Kin mouthwash (fluoridated) then the Kin Forte and distilled water. Conclusions: Fluoridated mouthwash caused more metallic ion release from orthodontic appliances than non-fluoridated mouthwash and distilled water.
Objective: To survey the orthodontic debonding techniques in Iraq and describe the most commonly used methods to remove the brackets and adhesive remnants from the enamel surfaces. Methods: A questionnaire survey consisting of 9 questions about general information of the participants (gender, work location, duration of practicing orthodontics), bracket debonding methods, and instruments used was electronically sent to Iraqi orthodontists. Results: Overall, 91 orthodontists responded. 67% of participants found enamel damage after bracket removal. The most commonly used pliers for bracket debonding were bracket removal pliers (73.6%) and ligature cutters (23.1%). For adhesive removal, high-speed tungsten carbide burs were the most widely used technique for adhesive removal, followed by low-speed carbide burs and low-speed abrasive discs, respectively. The most frequently used instruments for polishing after debonding were rubber cups with pumice (40.65%). Conclusions: In the present survey, it is shown that bracket debonding pliers are the most commonly used pliers for bracket removal. High-speed tungsten carbide bur is the most utilized method for adhesive removal, rubber cup together with pumice is the most commonly used technique for tooth polishing.
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