Access Free Rad. Antiox. www.antiox.org of deteriorative changes in the biological systems leading to cell inactivation. [1] Many antioxidant enzymes and compounds present in the cell, mitigate the oxidative stress due to free radicals, by dismutating these free radicals species or by converting these radicals into a less effective forms. [2] Antioxidant supplements or antioxidant-rich food are used to help the human body reduce oxidative damage from free radicals and active oxygen species. [3] Other synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and trolox are widely used as antioxidants in the pharmaceutical and food industry. However, they have been shown to have toxic and/or mutagenic effects. [2] Because of their toxicity, the development and isolation of natural antioxidants IntroductIon The exogenous chemicals and endogenous metabolites in the body produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are capable of oxidizing various biomolecules resulting in tissue damage and cell death. Free radicals have been implicated in the cause of several diseases such as liver cirrhosis, atherosclerosis, cancer and diabetes and play an important role in ageing. Oxidative stress can also contribute to the development of neuro-degenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's as well as other diseases. These free radicals attack unsaturated fatty acids of biomembranes, resulting in lipid peroxidation and desaturation of proteins and DNA, causing a series
Over 100 species of the genus Salsola are distributed in dry, arid parts of Asia, Europe and Africa, of which many species are recognised as antifungal, anticancer, antihypertensive and anthelmintic agents. Egyptian Salsola received scant characterisation of either its phytochemical composition or its biological effects. In this study, the metabolite profiles of two Salsola species viz. S. vermiculata and S. tetrandra were characterised in the aerial portions and root via ultra-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution qTOF-MS and NMR. Identified metabolites belonged to various classes including hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates, flavonoids, oxygenated fatty acids and alkaloids. Principal component analysis of derived biochemical profiles was also used for species and/or organs classification. Roots were enriched in hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates, whereas flavonoids were more abundant in aerial parts with kaempferol derivatives as major flavonoids in S. tetrandra versus quercetin in S. vermiculata. The root of S. vermiculata exhibited strong anti-acetylcholinesterase activity relative to eserine standard.
The composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of leaves and flowers of Pelargonium zonale L. cultivated in Egypt were investigated. Hydrodistillation of the leaves and flowers yielded 0.12 % and 0.06 % (v/w of fresh plant) of yellowish green essential oils, having a sweet balsamic odor. GC-MS analysis led to identification of 25 and 20 components, based on retention indices and mass spectral data, representing 97.0 % and 94.8 % of the total oils, respectively. Sesquiterpenoids were predominant in the two oils (73.9 and 81.9 % of the constituents) with hydrocarbons as major (51. 8 % and 63.5 %) followed by oxygenated components constituting 22.1 % and 18.3 %, respectively. On the other hand, monoterpenoids reached only 7 % and 5.8 % among which hydrocarbons constituted 7 % and 1.67 %, respectively, of the total oils; while oxygenated compounds (2.6 %) were detected only in the flower sample. The essential oil of the leaves was typified by the presence of β-caryophyllene (24.6 %), α-humulene (23.8 %), caryophyllene oxide (8.5 %) and α-cedrol (8.3 %); while that of the flowers was characterized by α-humulene (36.73 %). Meanwhile, the major monoterpene hydrocarbon was β-myrecene (7 % and 1.6 %, respectively) in both oil samples. The antimicrobial activities of the essential oils were evaluated through determination of their zones of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) by using clinical bacterial and fungal isolates including: Gram positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina lutea and Mycobacterium phlei) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Helicobacter pylori) bacteria and (Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans) as representative of fungi. The essential oil of the leaves exhibited a significant antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms except E. coli, while that of the flowers was relatively less active against most of the tested microorganisms. It is noteworthy to mention that both oils were active against Helicobacter pylori.
Background:Caesalpinia gilliesii Hook is an ornamental shrub with showy yellow flowers. It was used in folk medicine due to its contents of different classes of secondary metabolites. In our previous study, dichloromethane extract of C. gilliesii flowers showed a good antioxidant activity.Aim of the Study:Isolation and identification of bioactive hepatoprotective compounds from C. gilliesii flowers dichloromethane fraction.Materials and Methods:The hepatoprotective activity of dichloromethane fraction and isolated compounds were studied in CCl4-intoxicated rat liver slices by measuring liver injury markers (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and glutathione [GSH]). All compounds were structurally elucidated on the basis of electron ionization-mass spectrometry, one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance.Results:A new 12,13,16-trihydroxy-14(Z)-octadecenoic acid was identified in addition to the known β-sitosterol-3-O-butyl, daucosterol, isorhamnetin, isorhamnetin-3-O-rhamnoside, luteolin-7,4’-dimethyl ether, genistein-5-methyl ether, luteolin-7-O-rhamnoside, isovanillic acid, and p-methoxybenzoic acid. Dichloromethane fraction and isorhamnetin were able to significantly protect the liver against intoxication. Moreover, the dichloromethane fraction and the isolated phytosterols induced GSH above the normal level.Conclusion:The hepatoprotective activity of C. gilliesii may be attributed to its high content of phytosterols and phenolic compounds.SUMMARY Bioactive Hepatoprotective phytosterols and phenolics from chloroform extract of Caesalpinia gilliesii Abbreviations used: ALT: Alanine Aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GSH: Glutathione; SC50: Scavenging Capacity 50 (SC 50); COSY: Correlation spectroscopy; NMR: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance; CC: Column chromatography; EI-MS: Electron-impact mass spectrometry; HSQC: Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation.
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