Quaternary ammonium compounds in intact plants and cell suspension cultures of Atriplex semibaccata and A. Halimus during osmotic stress

Effect of salinity on growth and solute accumulation in two wheat lines differing in salt tolerance

“…A positive correlation between salinity levels and accumulation of glycinebetaine was reported in Atriplex sp. (Koheil et al 1992), Limonium sp. (Hanson et al 1991), and tropical grass species (Saneoka et al 1997).…”

Cellular Mechanisms of Salt Tolerance in Plant Cells

“…Quaternary ammonium compounds such as glycine betaine have been shown to accumulate in salttolerant plants (Hanson and Hitz 1982;Anthoni et al 1991;Rhodes and Hanson 1993). Whereas there is good correlation between accumulation of quaternary ammonium compounds and the level of salt to which the plants were exposed, there are some salt-tolerant betaine-accumulating plants in which this correlation does not hold (Koheil et al 1992). There is data indicating that betaine is synthesized in the chloroplast (Brouquisse et al 1989) and contributes substantially to chloroplast osmotic adjustment during salt stress and water deficit (for review, see Rhodes and Hanson 1993).…”

“…There is data indicating that betaine is synthesized in the chloroplast (Brouquisse et al 1989) and contributes substantially to chloroplast osmotic adjustment during salt stress and water deficit (for review, see Rhodes and Hanson 1993). Koheil et al (1992) tested the correlations between NaCl stress and the level of quaternary ammonium compounds in cell suspensions isolated from Atriplex plants. They observed that at the cellular level the correlation between NaCl stress and the level of quaternary ammonium compounds was maintained even though these plants did not show a correlation at the whole plant level.…”

“…Proline is the amino acid that has been studied to the greatest extent in cells treated with NaCl. Cellular content of proline was shown to increase when cells were exposed to NaCI stress from twofold to 20-fold (Dix and Pearce 1981;Watad et al 1983;Van Swaaij et al 1986;Chandler and Thorpe 1987a, b;Paek et al 1988;Binzel et al 1989;Heyser et al 1989;Ketchum et al 1991;Reuveni et al 1991;Koheil et al 1992;Thomas et al 1992). Proline is thought to be a "compatible solute" with properties similar to glycine betaine (Csonka 1989).…”

“…In most cases proline accumulation is relatively higher than, but correlated with, a total increase in amino acid content. Both glycophyte cells and halophyte cells accumulate proline in response to NaCI stress (Binzel et al 1989;Koheil et al 1992). Whereas it was suggested that proline may serve as a cytosolic osmotic protectant, studies analyzing the compartmentalization of }Jroline show that concentrations in both the vacuole and the cytosol increase in salinized cells (Rhodes and Handa 1989;Reuveni et al 1991).…”