Emergence of hyperlipidemia in urban population of India and the world at large is very high and accounts to several fatal diseases. This condition is known to manifest elevated levels of lipids and/or lipoproteins. Serious limitations like inadequate solubility, less absorption, less bioavailability, ineffectiveness in lowering of cholesterol levels, patient incompliance and so on are noticed with majority of anti-hyperlipidemic drugs and dosage forms, which are used conventionally. To overcome these shortcomings, building technology platforms for development of appropriate dosage forms is the need of the hour. These efforts are required to maximize patient acceptability while maintaining safety, efficacy, accessibility and affordability. Hyperlipidemia, its types, etiology, pathophysiology and conventional dosage forms are discussed here. The current approaches and novel developments which illustrate controlled drug release and sustained therapeutic effect along with site specific and target oriented drug delivery with better patient compliance are also reviewed critically. Despite the incentives provided by the efforts of formulation scientists, there is still a need for implementation of pharmaceutical technologies that enable to combat limitations of anti-hyperlipidemic drugs and conventional dosage forms associated with it. The present review emphasize on applications of novel drug delivery systems in pharmacotherapy of anti-hyperlipidemic drugs demonstrating the advantages and disadvantages.
High prevalence of topical fungal infections is perceived in majority of nations worldwide accounting for numerous serious systemic complications. Of several fungal infections, candidiasis is one of the widespread infections which is manifested due to localisation and proliferation of fungi. Present pharmacotherapy offers an effective treatment but possesses serious limitations like inadequate solubility, ineffectiveness in lowering diseased condition and patient incompliance. Several attempts to overcome these shortcomings and building suitable technology platforms for development of appropriate dosage forms which can enhance effectiveness, patient acceptability while maintaining safety, efficacy and affordability of drug delivery, have been made. Present review highlights on different types of fungal infections, its aetiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology and conventional formulations used. It also emphasises on applications of several novel approaches of anti-fungal drugs demonstrating advantages and limitations. Details regarding patterns of drug release and its site specificity with better patient compliance have been focussed. Etiology and pathogenesis of candidiasis should be understood clearly. Mentioned novel dosage forms should be explored to enhance therapeutic efficacy, subsequently investigating marketability and patentability. Nanoparticles seem to be a promising approach befitting all requirements.
Different nanoparticles, namely solid lipid nanoparticles, nanocrystals and nanosponges loaded with atorvastatin were successfully fabricated with desirable technological properties which reckoned promising methods of their preparation. Further, suitable characterization and evaluation parameters for in-vitro and in-vivo studies were conducted which led to increase in drug's bioavailability, provided better in-vivo efficacy and reduced toxicity in treating hyperlipidemia systemically. Particle sizes were found to be less than 300 nm with minimal polydispersity indices and maximized entrapment efficiency which are pre-requisites for their absorption in intestines. Drug release studies showed sustained release for a prolonged period, which was justified by release kinetics. Augmented bioavailability and reduced lipoprotein levels were key observations. In addition, reduced hepatotoxicty, decreased myotoxicity and diminished drug distribution were also the important highlights of these developed nanosystems as compared with the pure drug and marketed formulation. Histopathology of liver confirmed reduced hepatotoxicity. An elaborate comparison of these nanoparticles along with pure drug and marketed formulation concluded that nanosponges are potentially one of the best nanosystems for treating hyperlipidemia by systemic delivery.
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