Landfill leachate is well known as a hazardous byproduct from dumpling sites that has a negative impact on the environment and human life. Therefore, an effective treatment is imperative to overcome this issue. This research study investigates the effectiveness of zirconium tetrachloride (ZrCl4) and tin tetrachloride (SnCl4) as a coagulant in leachate treatment. Two parameters selected as a performance indicator in this study are color and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The data obtained showed that SnCl4 performed well as a coagulant with removal percentages of color and COD, which are 97% and 77%, respectively. Furthermore, the potential of integrated treatment using ozonation (O3) and the coagulation‐flocculation process was also investigated. Four sequences of integrated treatment setup for this study were ozonation followed by jar test (ZrCl4 as a coagulant), ozonation followed by jar test (SnCl4 as a coagulant), jar test (ZrCl4 as a coagulant) followed by the ozonation process, and jar test (SnCl4 as a coagulant) followed by the ozonation process. The experimental data showed that the combination treatment of SnCl4 as a coagulant (jar test) followed by the ozonation process had recorded the highest removal of color (97.1%) and COD (88%) compared to other sequences. Moreover, the biodegradability ratio of this sequence also improved from 0.03 to 0.28, compared with other methods. Comparatively, integrated treatment is more effective in treating stabilized landfill leachate compared to the coagulation flocculation process alone.
Practitioner Points
Stabilized landfill leachate is difficult to be treated by natural coagulants or biological process.
SnCl4 performed well as a coagulant in removing COD and colour from landfill leachate compared to ZrCl4.
However, too much usage of SnCl4 potentially generate secondary pollutant. Therefore, combination with O3 as pre‐treatment is investigated.
Combination treatment of SnCl4 ( as coagulant) with O3 had recorded the highest removal of colour (97.1%) and COD (88%).
The biodegradability ratio of this sequence also improved from 0.03 to 0.28.
Pressmud is one of the most abundant wastes produced by the sugarcane industry. However, it has received far too little attention as a reactive material for pollutant removal, although its beneficial effect on soil fertility and crop productivity is well established. This paper investigates the potential of pressmud to minimize heavy metal migration while boosting soil fertility and productivity. Firstly, the adsorbent was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) analyses, which showed the presence of functional groups such as carbonyl, hydroxyl, and silica capable of adsorbing metal ions. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of pressmud is very high, ranging between 44.9 and 45.2 meq/100 g. Along with removal efficiency testing and evaluating breakthrough curves, characterization and adsorption analyses (batch equilibrium and column test) were carried out. The pressmud reveals promising adsorption characteristics, including a high organic content (17.62%) and the presence of carbon, which significantly affects its excellent removal effectiveness. Based on the removal efficiency test, pressmud successfully removes metal ions at the highest value, such as zinc (Zn), at 99.7%. Meanwhile, its breakthrough curve reveals that it efficiently retained all heavy metals, as these metals do not reach 1 to 10 pore volumes (p.v.), indicating that pressmud is a good material for heavy metal adsorption and soil productivity. This possible use establishes a new cyclical flow for the material and contributes to its minimization and reuse, adhering to circular economy ideas. However, pressmud must be disposed of properly to avoid adverse effects on humans and the environment.
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