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This study aimed to compare the function of family, personality traits and affection styles between normal people and those with internet addiction. It was conducted in 2016 in a population sample comprising of all high school students of Imam Khomeini High School in the city of Salmas, West Azerbaijan. 351 of the students were selected as the sample volume. Participants completed four forms which consisted of "assessing family function (FAD)", "measuring personality characteristics (NEO)", "assessing attachment styles" as well as "Young's internet Addiction Questionnaire". All the statistical methods used including "descriptive indicators", t -test, mutli -directional variance and data were analyzed using SPSS -16 software application. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between internet addiction, on one hand, and family functions, personality characteristics and attachment styles, on the other hand.

Objectives: Considering the growth of the elderly population and the need of the elderly for health services and the importance of supplementary insurance on improving the quality of life of the elderly households, this study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementary health insurance on out-of-pocket payments for elderly households in urban areas of Iran. Methods: this descriptive-analytical and applied study was conducted at the national level using the two-stage Hackman econometric method in Stata 16 software in 2021. The sample size was 6171 elderly households which data was extracted from different sections of the cost and income questionnaire of Iranian urban households in 2019. Results: Increasing age, education, and employment of the head of the household, increasing household size, having a private home, increasing per capita health expenditures and income of household had a positive effect on the probability of purchasing medical insurance. Increasing the age, level of education and employment of the head of the household led to an increase in out-of-pocket payments for the elderly household by 61164, 84466 and 140032 Rials per month, respectively. Having supplementary health insurance, living in provinces with high human development and being an elderly head of household increased the out-of-pocket payments to 606207, 849739 and 109274 Rials per month, respectively. Conclusion: Elderly households were less likely than other households to purchase supplementary health insurance and having supplementary health insurance by an elderly household led to an increase in out-of-pocket payments compared to other elderly households. Therefore, to reduce out-of-pocket payments, increase coverage Insurance of health goods and services required by the elderly as well as reduction of the elderly franchise is offered.

Child health as one of the main indicators of economic development has been included directly in the millennium development goals. Due to the increased rate of mothers' employment and education along with children malnutrition, the effect of mothers' socioeconomic status on children's health was examined in this study. In case study, data on children at birth were gathered from health care records in 10 health centers of Tehran. The sample size of 400 was determined using the Cochran formula with an error margin of 5%. The cases were selected through random cluster sampling. The probit, probit with endogenous variable, and ordered probit models were employed. The mean mother's education was at the level of 3.76, representing higher than diploma and lower than associate degrees. The mean mothers' age, whose children were normal, stunting, and severe stunting, was 32.25, 32.92, and 34.20, respectively. The mothers' employment and education level increased the likelihood of stunting by 93 and 37 percent, respectively. Therefore, mother's employment had a negative effect on child health; i.e. mother's employment increases the possibility of stunting probably because of child malnutrition. In addition, rising education level among unemployed mothers increased the probability of children's health. The parents' education affected positively the health of children, and officeholder father, family size, and being twin had negative effects on children's health.

Introduction: Military spending, education and health are among the most important components of the government budget, and making a balance between them is very complicated. Increasing military spending can increase or decrease health spending and health status. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of military spending on health status in Middle Eastern countries. Materials and Methods:The present descriptive-analytical and applied study was performed for Middle Eastern countries (including Iran) using the Paneldita method with cross-sectional dependence. Among Middle Eastern countries, 13 countries were selected as the statistical population by systematic sampling method. The data required for the study was an annual time series that was extracted from the World Bank databases for selected countries in 1990-2019. Boys CD, Boys Unit Root (CIPS test), Westerlund aggregation and model estimation with common mean group correlation effect estimators (CCEMG), generalized group mean (AMG), fully modified ordinary squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary squares (DOLS) ) In Eviews 10 and STATA 16 software. Results:The co-integration results of the models showed that Military expenditures as a percentage of GDP has a negative effect on life expectancy of -0.037 and -0.004 in AMG and CCEMG estimators, respectively, and a positive effect of 0.22 and 1.91 on the mortality rate of children under five years of age in FMOLS and DOLS estimators, respectively. The logarithm of GDP per capita had a positive effect on life expectancy of 0.553 and 0.588 in the AMG and CCEMG estimators, respectively. The annual growth rate of the urban population also had a positive effect of 0.048 on life expectancy with the AMG estimator.Conclusion: military expenditures as a percentage of GDP had a negative effect on life expectancy and a positive effect on the under-five mortality rate in the Middle East. GDP and urbanization rates also had a positive effect on life expectancy and a negative impact on the under-five mortality rate; Therefore, it is suggested to maintain a certain and appropriate ratio of military expenditures to other social expenditures. Also, some solutions to achieve greater security by reducing military expenditures are proposed.

Child labor is regarded as an ambiguous and controversial challenge encountered in majority of countries across the world. Given the incidence and prevalence of this phenomenon in Iran and the importance of household health expenditures, this study was done to evaluate the impact of children's entry into labor market on household health expenditures. This study was conducted on urban households living in all provinces in Iran in 2016. The sample size was estimated 6517 households. The statistics of these households were extracted from the raw data of income-cost of urban households. The probit and ordered probit econometric models were also used to estimate the coefficients of the model. The results showed that the entry of children into labor markets in both models had a positive impact on household health expenditures. Therefore, making policies for eliminating child labor, compensating the income they got from working, and providing the possibility of further education for these children were of utmost importance. Household income per capita, family size, father's age, and parental education had also a positive and significant effect on household health expenditures. Moreover, parental employment in private sector could increase household health expenditure, but such costs could be decreased if parents were employed in public sector.

Introduction: Due to the necessity of careful planning in the human capital of health and the effect of imbalance of general physician supply on economy and health status, this study aimed to estimate general practitioners' (GPs) demand and predict general practitioners’ shortage and surplus in Iran. Method: This study was an analytical and applied study conducted at the national level for Iran in 2019 using ARIMA (5,1,1) method for projecting supply and Vector Error Correction (VEC) models for projecting demand with Gross Domestic Product (GDP), out-of-pocket, aging and hospital beds variables. Data were annual time series from 1991 to 2017, extracted from the statistical yearbooks issued by the Statistical Center of Iran and the World Bank database. The required models and tests were estimated by Eviews 10 software at a 0.05 significance level. Results: The general practitioners’ elasticity to GDP, aging, and out-of-pocket were 0.33, 1.77, and -0.81, respectively. GDP per capita (0.11), aging (0.14), and the number of hospital beds (0.0007) had a positive impact, and out-of-pocket payments (-0.0001) had a negative impact on demand for GPs in Iran. Also, from 2018 to 2030, the mean GPs demand (0.23) was higher than the mean supply (0.20), and there was a shortage of GPs in these years (0.03). Conclusion: Iran is facing a shortage of GPs by 2030. Therefore, there are suggested policies for increasing the admissions capacity at medical universities, maintaining and preventing the migration of physicians with appropriate incentives, establishing rules, and providing job satisfaction for physicians.

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