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Mitomycin C (MMC) is an alkylating chemotherapy drug that could induce DNA damage and genetic alteration. It has been used as a model mutagen for in vivo and in vitro studies. The current study aimed to evaluate the protective role of Zinc oxide alginate–nanocomposites (ZnO-Alg/NCMs) against MMC–induced genotoxicity in mice. Animals were treated as follows: the control group, the groups treated with Algin (400 mg/kg b.w), the groups treated with ZnO-Alg/NCMs (400 mg/kg b.w), the group treated with MMC, and the groups treated with MMC plus Algin or ZnO-Alg/NCMs. Pre-treatment with Algin and ZnO-Alg/NCMs was repeated for one or seven days. Zinc oxide alginate-nanocomposites (ZnO-Alg/NCMs) were synthesized with the aim of incorporating the intrinsic properties of their constituents as an antigenotoxic substance. In this study, alginate was extracted from the brown marine alga Fucus vesiculosus, Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by using water extract of the same alga, and loaded in alginate to synthesize ZnO-Alg/NCMs. ZnO-NPs and ZnO-Alg/NCMs were characterized by TEM, SEM, EDX, and Zeta potential. The obtained results confirmed that by TEM and SEM, ZnO-NPs are rod shaped which modified, when loaded in alginate matrix, into spherical shape. The physical stability of ZnO-Alg/NCMs was reported to be higher than ZnO-NPs due to the presence of more negative charges on ZnO-Alg/NCMs. The EDX analysis indicated that the amount of zinc was higher in ZnO-NPs than ZnO-Alg/NCMs. The in vivo results showed that treatment with MMC induced genotoxic disturbances. The combined treatment with Algin and ZnO-Alg/NCMs succeeded in inducing significant protection against MMC. It could be concluded that ZnO-Algin/NCMs is a promising candidate to protect against MMC–induced genotoxicity.

Abstract:The phytochemical investigation of Abutilon pannosum (Malvaceae) collected from arable land of Tennidah village, Dakhla Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt, resulted in the separation and identification of a new flavonoid, kaempferol 4'-O-(6"-O-E-p-coumaroyl)-β-Dglucopyranoside 1 from butanol fraction, in addition to the identification of the volatile constituents of petroleum ether and methylene chloride by GC/MS analysis. Structure of the separated compound was elucidated by spectral analysis. Additionally, the antimicrobial, antioxidant activities and cytotoxicity of different fractions of Abutilon pannosum and compound 1 were evaluated. The antimicrobial activity indexes of methanol extract (Ap C), compound 1, methylene chloride extract (Ap B) and petroleum ether extract (Ap A) against Escherichia coli were found to be 66.7%, 50.0%, 33.3%, and 0.0%, respectively. While the activity indexes of compound 1, (Ap B), (Ap C), (Ap A) against staphylococcus aureus were 68.2%, 63.6%, 59.1% and 9.1%, respectively, and against Candida albicans, their activity indexes were 38.8%, 38.5%, 34.6%, and 11.5%, respectively. The radical scavenging activity of the extracts and standard were found to be in the following order: ascorbic acid (88.6%) ˃ (Ap C) (84.4%) ˃ compound 1 (76.8%) ˃ (Ap B) (59.2%) ˃ (Ap A) (6.3%). The IC50 values against HePG2 indicated that the cytotoxicity of extracts decreased in the order: compound 1 was "very strong", (Ap C) was "strong", (Ap B) was "moderate", and (Ap A) was "weak", while against PC3 of compound 1 was "strong", (Ap B and Ap C) were "moderate", and (Ap A) was weak, and against MCF-7 compound 1 and (Ap C) were "strong", (Ap B) was "moderate", and (Ap A) was "non-cytotoxic.

We appraised the use of zinc oxide nanoparticles, (ZnO-NPs) and zinc oxide bulk (ZnO-bulk) or zinc acetate, as a natural nematocide, alone or in combination with oxamyl in vitro and in vivo trials in order to improve systems for root-knot nematode (RKNs) control in banana plants. Especially, ZnO-NPs were biosynthesized from the alga, Ulva fasciata. In general, all applications of ZnO-NPs were more effective to control RKNs than ZnO-bulk as well oxamyl alone (chemical control). In in vitro conditions, ZnO-NPs with oxamyl showed 98.91% second stage juveniles2 (J2s) mortality of Meloidogyne incognita after 72 hrs, while 72.86% mortality was observed at the same NPs treatment without oxamyl at the same exposure time. The same treatment was the most effective in diminution of J2s community (82.77%) in soil and galls number (81.87%) in roots under in vivo conditions. In contrast, the highest weight and height of the shoot was observed in Zn-bulk treatment in combination with oxamyl as well oxamyl only (nematocides check). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reports displayed the distributions and accumulations of ZnO-NPs on the nematode (J2s) body under direct exposure, which might be the reason of NP-mediated toxicity and disruption for M. incognita. HighlightsZno-NPs biosynthesis by macrogreen alga Ulva fasciata and give nanorode particles. Biogenic ZnO-NPs were used as nematocidal against root-knot nematodes (RKNs) solely and in combination with oxamly in vitroand in vivo.ZnO-NPs exhibited high nematocidal activity in vitroand in vivo.Banana plants infected with RKNs and treated with ZnO-NPs in combination with oxamly showed high growth. Statement Of NoveltyThis study offers importance of green technology for the development of biosynthesis ZnO-NPs, and in combinations with oxamyl in control RKNs (in vivo and in vitro). Moreover, it is possible using biosynthesis ZnO-NPs in alternative to pesticide and also to enhancement the plant yields. nematode body with magni cation 500x, f) ZnO-NPs attached to the nematode body with magni cation 1500x.

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We appraised the use of zinc oxide nanoparticles, (ZnO-NPs) and zinc oxide bulk (ZnO-bulk) or zinc acetate, as a natural nematocide, alone or in combination with oxamyl in vitro and in vivo trials in order to improve systems for root-knot nematode (RKNs) control in banana plants. Especially, ZnO-NPs were biosynthesized from the alga, Ulva fasciata. In general, all applications of ZnO-NPs were more effective to control RKNs than ZnO-bulk as well oxamyl alone (chemical control). In in vitro conditions, ZnO-NPs with oxamyl showed 98.91% second stage juveniles2 (J2s) mortality of Meloidogyne incognita after 72 hrs, while 72.86% mortality was observed at the same NPs treatment without oxamyl at the same exposure time. The same treatment was the most effective in diminution of J2s community (82.77%) in soil and galls number (81.87%) in roots under in vivo conditions. In contrast, the highest weight and height of the shoot was observed in Zn-bulk treatment in combination with oxamyl as well oxamyl only (nematocides check). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reports displayed the distributions and accumulations of ZnO-NPs on the nematode (J2s) body under direct exposure, which might be the reason of NP-mediated toxicity and disruption for M. incognita.