Mitochondria form networks. Formation of mitochondrial networks is important for maintaining mitochondrial DNA integrity and interchanging mitochondrial material, whereas disruption of the mitochondrial network affects mitochondrial functions. According to the current view, mitochondrial networks are formed by fusion of individual mitochondria. Here, we report a new mechanism for formation of mitochondrial networks through KIF5B-mediated dynamic tubulation of mitochondria. We found that KIF5B pulls thin, highly dynamic tubules out of mitochondria. Fusion of these dynamic tubules, which is mediated by mitofusins, gives rise to the mitochondrial network. We further demonstrated that dynamic tubulation and fusion is sufficient for mitochondrial network formation, by reconstituting mitochondrial networks in vitro using purified fusion-competent mitochondria, recombinant KIF5B, and polymerized microtubules. Interestingly, KIF5B only controls network formation in the peripheral zone of the cell, indicating that the mitochondrial network is divided into subzones, which may be constructed by different mechanisms. Our data not only uncover an essential mechanism for mitochondrial network formation, but also reveal that different parts of the mitochondrial network are formed by different mechanisms.

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Using a super-luminescent emitting diode (SLED) source with a linewidth of more than 60 nm, we realize truly random number generation up to 100 Gb s−1 by directly measuring the intensity noise, which originates from the fluctuations of spontaneous emissions. Furthermore, we propose a post-processing method in an over-sampling scheme by eliminating the correlation between adjacent samples, and achieve an ultra-high truly random number generation rate of 1.6 Tb s−1. The randomness of the generated bit stream is verified using standard statistical test suites (Diehard and NIST-STS), and evaluated using a three-standard-deviation criterion and Shannon entropy estimation.

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urgency, and provided a 'beyond CMOS' strategy. In 2008, ITRS suggested industry community to find new emerging materials and devices to replace the state-of-theart silicon and sustain Moore's law. [12][13][14][15] Among emerging channel materials for exploring aggressively scaled MOS FETs, single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) is a strong competitor due to its extremely high carrier mobility, ultrathin body, and excellent stability. [16][17][18][19][20] Its quasi 1D body can provide much better electrostatic gate control on the channel than Si and other semiconductors counterparts (e.g., III-V compounds or Ge). [21][22][23] Since the first demonstration of the carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNT FET) in 1998, significant progresses have been made on CNT FETs based electronics in the past 20 years, especially for next generation digital elements for ICs. On one hand, intensive researches have been focusing on FETs based on individual CNTs to study the transport properties, optimize device performance, and explore the performance limit. A classic work is the dopingfree fabrication of CMOS CNT FETs, which maintains the high intrinsic carrier mobility and long mean-free-length (MFL) of CNT since the dopant scattering is excluded. Therefore, highperformance ballistic CMOS FETs are easily achievable via a simpler process than conventional Si CMOS technology. [24][25][26][27] Based on doping free approach, CNT CMOS FETs with a gate length of 10 nm have been successfully demonstrated to perform better than Si CMOS FETs with the same gate length but at a lower supply voltage. [28] Furthermore, ultrasmall CNT FETs with a gate length of 5 nm or footprint of 40 nm have been realized through optimizing device structure and process, which has approached the quantum limit of conventional FETs by using approximately only one electron per switching operation on one CNT. [29,30] On the other hand, various scale of ICs have been fabricated on CNT thin films to demonstrate the industrialization possibility, for example, fundamental logic gates with excellent electrical characteristic, [31] high-speed ring oscillators that can work in gigahertz regime, [32,33] and complex and largescale ICs, including decoder, [34] full-adder, [35,36] or even a CNTbased center processing unit (CPU) using p-type CNT FETs or P-MOS. [37] These successful demonstrations of medium or large-scale CNT circuits illustrate the uniformity and stability of CNT materials and transistors, as well as the development potential on ultralarge scale ICs applications. However, access to ideal materials, device structure, and fabrication remain a challenge if we are targeting at the industrialization of highperformance CNT ICs. To minimize confusion, we use the word "CNT thin film FET" to distinguish high performance The device standards necessary for high-performance carbon nanotube (CNT) field-effect transistors (FETs) for integrated circuits (ICs) are discussed by illustrating key device metrics. Recent advances in solution-processed CNT network-materials a...

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To investigate the genetic differences in Chinese large-flowered chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) cultivars, we selected 40 typical and stable cultivars on which to carry out cytological studies using karyotype analysis. The results showed that 67.5% of these cultivars were hexaploid-based aneuploid and that the proportion of hexaploid decreased with passing time. Moreover, 35% of the cultivars had 1-4 satellite chromosome(s). The probability of satellite chromosomes rose with increasing chromosome number. Most of the karyotypes were 2A and 2B. The probability of types 2A and 2C also increased with increasing ploidy of the cultivars. The mean of long-/short-arm ratio and the variation of long-/short-arm ratio were positively correlated (r 2 ¼ 0.72). There was no obvious difference in the asymmetry coefficient of karyotypes, but the discrepancy in the variance of karyotype asymmetry index and relative length of chromosomes was quite distinct. In terms of karyotype parameters, the petal types of chrysanthemums were classified to five groups as flat, tubular, spoon, abnormal, and anemone. We did not observe any obvious orderliness among flower head types. Considering the relationship between karyotype parameters and phenotypic characters, variation of long-/short-arm ratio and asymmetry coefficient of karyotypes had the greatest relevance toward most phenotypic characters. The above results indicate that karyotype parameters possess great values for cultivar identification, classification, and genetic analysis in chrysanthemums.