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PurposeThe aim of this study is to explore and understand corporate governance patterns in family firms across Latin America. This is in response to several calls in the academic literature urging for more empirical studies in corporate governance in developing regions.Design/methodology/approachFollowing a configurative perspective, a hierarchical cluster analysis is applied to a sample of the 155 largest Latin American family firms.FindingsThe authors identify three main corporate governance configurations across Latin American countries. First, the exported governance model resembles many characteristics of Anglo-American and Continental Europe governance patterns of public listed control, having independence from the board of directors, and mainly hiring non-family management. Second, the super-familial governance model describes private ownership where one or multiple families control both the board of directors and the top-management team. Finally, the hybrid governance model is the largest cluster identified in the sample and combines governance characteristics of both of the foregoing configurations. This configuration exhibits ownership structured through public offerings of shares combined with leadership of the board of directors by a family member as well as moderate family influence on the board and management.Originality/valueThis is the first study to investigate corporate governance in the largest listed and privately-owned family firms in Latin America. The article extends the conversation on family firm heterogeneity and contributes to the configurative approach in the family business field by offering a cross-country perspective and identifying meaningful taxonomies that are applicable beyond national boundaries.

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Construir sociedades inclusivas que no dejen a nadie atrás e incluyan a todos sus miembros es una obligación ética. Desarrollar programas de educación inclusiva permite asegurar igualdad de oportunidades en una de las etapas más críticas del desarrollo. El objetivo de este estudio es describir la implementación del Programa de Integración Escolar (PIE) en sus distintas dimensiones y zonas de Chile. Se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo y transversal midiendo la percepción de los coordinadores del programa en escuelas municipales y subvencionadas del país a través de una encuesta vía web. Se realizó un muestreo aleatorio simple de escuelas, obteniendo la respuesta de 1742 establecimientos educacionales con PIE. Se identificaron mayores niveles de implementación del programa en las áreas de trabajo interdisciplinar y formación integral, aspectos curriculares e institucionales. Por su parte, en la implementación de accesibilidad, desarrollo de ajustes razonables y participación de la comunidad educativa se identificaron deficiencias. Del mismo modo, existen diferencias entre las zonas de Chile, siendo la macrozona Norte la que presenta menor avance. Si bien hay resultados positivos en el equipo de trabajo y desarrollo institucional, el desarrollo de condiciones objetivas y la participación aún es una tarea pendiente en la implementación del PIE.

Soybean yields are often indicated as an interesting case of climate change mitigation due to the beneficial effects of CO2 fertilization. In this paper we econometrically study this effect using a time series model of yields in a multivariate framework for a main producer and exporter of this commodity, Argentina. We have to deal with the upward behavior of soybean yields trying to identify which variables are the long-run determinants responsible of its observed trend. With this aim we adopt a partial system approach to estimate subsets of long-run relationships due to climate, technological and economic factors. Using an automatic selection algorithm we evaluate encompassing of the different obtained equilibrium correction models. We found that only technological innovations due to new crop practices and the use of modified seeds explain soybean yield in the long run. Regarding short run determinants we found positive effects associated with the use of standard fertilizers and also from changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration which would suggest a mitigation effect from global warming. However, we also found negative climate effects from periods of droughts associated with La Niña episodes, high temperatures and extreme rainfall events during the growing season of the plant.