The objective of this study was to measure the effects of chronic exposure to fumonisins via the ingestion of feed containing naturally contaminated corn in growing pigs infected or not with Salmonella spp. This exposure to a moderate dietary concentration of fumonisins (11.8 ppm) was sufficient to induce a biological effect in pigs (Sa/So ratio), but no mortality or pathology was observed over 63 days of exposure. No mortality or related clinical signs, even in cases of inoculation with Salmonella (5 × 104 CFU), were observed either. Fumonisins, at these concentrations, did not affect the ability of lymphocytes to proliferate in the presence of mitogens, but after seven days post-inoculation they led to inhibition of the ability of specific Salmonella lymphocytes to proliferate following exposure to a specific Salmonella antigen. However, the ingestion of fumonisins had no impact on Salmonella translocation or seroconversion in inoculated pigs. The inoculation of Salmonella did not affect faecal microbiota profiles, but exposure to moderate concentrations of fumonisins transiently affected the digestive microbiota balance. In cases of co-infection with fumonisins and Salmonella, the microbiota profiles were rapidly and clearly modified as early as 48 h post-Salmonella inoculation. Therefore under these experimental conditions, exposure to an average concentration of fumonisins in naturally contaminated feed had no effect on pig health but did affect the digestive microbiota balance, with Salmonella exposure amplifying this phenomenon.
Fumon1s1ns (FB) are mycotox1ns frequently found 1n vegetal feedstuffs , especially m maize used for p1g feeding. Among fumonisins , FB1 was the better described toxin. It caused pulmonary and hepatic damages as well as immune response disorders in pigs that were recognised as especially sensitive to FB Intoxication. The FB1 immunosuppressor induced a higher susceptibility of p1gs to gut pathogens such as E coli. Effects on Salmonella have poorly been studied despite the frequent asymptomatic carnage m pigs and the presumptive role of nora equilibrium on prevention of Salmonella excret1on or re-excretion. To determme the innuence of Salmonella carriage, fumon1sins or both on digest1ve nora equilibrium , the use of a molecular technique CE-SSCP (Capillary-ElectrophoresiS Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism) appeared a good complement to the conventional bacteriological techniques. The obJeCtive was to assess the perturbation of nora assoc1ated with co-exposition 1n expenmental conditions m absence of clinical sign Forty eight piglets were clustered following a 2x2 "factorial scheme• in order to analyse on faecal nora, the effect of a feeding naturally contammated with FB (8.5 ppm of FB , and 2.8 ppm of FB2) associated w1th an asymtomatic carriage of Salmonella Typhimunum. The effect of FB and Salmonella has been investigated onto 10 week old piglets and during 9 weeks. Faeces of the p1gs were taken regularly Bacteriological numeration of total aerobic nora was conducted. DNA of each sample was extracted us1ng the QIAmp DNA Stool Minik1t. The extracted DNA were pooled, the PCR amplification of the rONA 16S V3 reg1on was earned out. Then the PCR products were analysed by CE-SSCP. Profiles were classified v1a dendrograms usmg the BioNumerics software and the Jaccard coefficient for similarity determination In th1s study, 5 10 4 CFU Salmonella per pig induced infections and asymptomatic carriages that didn't affect the faecal nora profiles Intoxication of the p1gs by the contam1nated feed has been confirmed by the increase of the sphmganme/sphingos1ne ratio The 8.5 ppm concentration of FB, did not mduce any effect on the ammal health mdicators , but 1t affected transiently the d1gesllve nora equilibnum. In case of co-mfect1on with FB and Salmonella , the nora profiles were rapidly and strongly modified as soon as 48h post Salmonella infection. Therefore under our experimental conditions, exposure to a medium concentration of FB 1n naturally contaminated food had no effect on the p1g health but can affected the digest1ve nora equillbnum , the Salmonella exposure amplifying th1s phenomenon
The aims of this study were to test the ability of CE-SSCP in describing the variability of the drgestive contents flora of SPF (Specified Pathogenic Free) pigs from our experimental husbandry and to reach , by mrxing individual samples , the concept of a digestive flora 's profile characteristic of a batch of pigs. The faeces of s1x SPF sows were sampled and extracted DNA were m1xed to constitute more and more composite samples. In addition , the caecal contents of 12 SPF piglets, 1ssued from a srngle sow, were collected after slaughter at 28, 56 and 84 days postpartum and rndividually or after pooling tested. The DNA of each sample was extracted using the QIAamp DNA Stool Min1kit. The PCR for amplifying the rONA 16S V3 region was carried out on the individual DNAs and the mrxed DNAs corresponding to each date of slaughtering. Then the PCR products were analysed by CE-SSCP The reproducibility of the method has been tested first, and then the analysis of the profiles obtarned from the faeces of the swine was conducted. It described a withinindividual variability of about 40% when comparing SPF sows. When we mixed samples, variability between the profiles decreases with increasing number of faeces constituting the pool of DNA. Concernrng the p1glets, for each date of sampling , the pool of ccecal contents DNA defined a characteristic group profile. Moreover, this profile vaned with the age of the prglets These results confirmed the use of CE SSCP as a tool for the description of the of digestive flora balances and their evolut1on at the batch level. Thrs will be of particular interest in both animal health or food hygrene contexts associated wrth drgestive flora perturbatron .
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