Exosomes are small vesicles covered by a lipid bilayer, ranging in size from 50 nm to 90 nm, secreted by different cell types in the body under normal and pathological conditions. They are surrounded by cell-segregated membrane complexes and play a role in the pathological and physiological environments of target cells by transfer of different molecules such as microRNA (miRNA). Exosomes have been detected in many body fluids, such as in the amniotic fluid, urine, breast milk, blood, saliva, ascites, semen, and bile. They include proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids such as DNA, RNA, and miRNA, which have many functions in target cells under pathological and physiological conditions. They participate in pathological processes such as tumor growth and survival, autoimmunity, neurodegenerative disorders, infectious diseases, inflammation conditions, and others. Biomarkers in exosomes isolated from body fluids have allowed for a more precise and consistent diagnostic method than previous approaches. Exosomes can be used in a variety of intracellular functions, and with advances in molecular techniques they can be used in the treatment and diagnosis of many diseases, including cancer. These vesicles play a significant role in various stages of cancer. Tumor-derived exosomes have an important role in tumor growth, survival, and metastasis. In contrast, the use of stem cells in cancer treatment is a relatively new scientific area. We hope to address targeted use of miRNA-carrying exosomes in cancer therapy in this review paper.
Chronic inflammation has been considered as the main cause of chronic diseases. Zn has anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing the expression of inflammatory markers. The present systematic review and meta-analysis study aims to evaluate the impact of Zn supplementation on inflammation. Pubmed (Medline), Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases were searched up to December 10th, 2020. Randomized placebo-controlled trials have investigated the effects of Zn supplementation on serum/plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines in >15 years’ subjects were included. A pooled meta-analysis was performed using a random-effect model. Sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the robustness of the observed effect sizes. Potential causes of heterogeneity were determined using subgroup analyses. The relationship between effect size and co-variables was explored using meta-regression. In the cases of the presence of publication bias, trim and fill analysis was carried out. Cochrane Collaboration’s tool was used for assessing the quality of the included studies. A total of 12 studies was included in meta-analysis. Zn could decrease IL-6 levels (SMD= -0.76 pg/ml; 95% CI: -1.28, -0.24; P= 0.004). There was no significant change in TNF-α (SMD= 0.42 pg/ml; 95% CI: -0.31, 1.16; P= 0.257) and IL-2 levels (SMD= 1.64 pg/ml; 95% CI: -1.31, 4.59; P= 0.277) following Zn supplementation. However, Zn could increase IL-2 significantly after deletion of one arm in sensitivity analysis (SMD= 2.96 pg/ml; 95% CI: 2.03, 3.88; P< 0.05). Conclusively, Zn supplementation can decrease the IL-6 level. Zn increased IL-2 level after sensitivity analysis. Zn supplementation has not ameliorative effects on TNF-α.
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common lung disease during middle age which one of its complications is depression. Depression is considered one of the major causes of severe disability worldwide. One of the factors that affect the severity and incidence of this disease is a lifestyle, especially dietary pattern. On the other hand, some studies showed the relationship between dietary patterns and depression. The present study aims to investigate the dietary patterns of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its association with depression. Methods The present cross-sectional study was performed on 220 patients (mean ± SD age = 54.58 ± 5.08) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (56.6% men, 43.4% women) from Tabriz, Iran. Questionnaires of general information, food frequency, Beck depression and physical activity were completed. The dominant dietary patterns were determined by factor analysis, and their relationship with depression was discussed by regression analysis. Results Three dominant dietary patterns were identified as healthy, unhealthy, and mixed dietary patterns. An inverse relationship was found between healthy and mixed dietary patterns with depression. There is no meaningful connection between unhealthy dietary patterns and depression. Depression had a significant inverse relationship with physical activity. There was no relationship between dietary patterns and Forced Expiratory Volume for 1 s (FEV1) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) criteria. A positive and significant relationship was observed between mixed dietary patterns with FEV1/FVC. Conclusion Inverse relationships exist between healthy dietary patterns and depression in patients with COPD, and improves the function of the lungs. Further studies are needed to show the exact relationship between diet and COPD depression.
Some genetic factors may influence body composition, such as PPARγ and UCP2. PPARγ plays an important role in body fat distribution. The objective of the present study is to determine the effects of omega3 fatty acids on the gene expression of PPARγ and UCP2, levels of blood lipid profile, fat mass, and fat-free mass, and appetite.Elite male athlete volunteers of up to 36 subjects were invited to participate in this RCT. Following a public announcement, volunteers were recruited from gyms, teams, and sports medicine boards in Tabriz, Iran. Gene's expression of PPARγ and UCP2, serum levels of blood lipid profile, fat mass, and fat-free mass was collected. Data collection time points include baseline in addition to 3 weeks follow up. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Tabriz University Medical of Sciences (IR.TBZMED.
Background Omega3 fatty acids as a ligand of energy-related genes, have a role in metabolism, and energy expenditure. These effects are due to changes in the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) and uncoupling protein2 (UCP2). This study evaluated the effect of omega3 supplements on PPARγ mRNA expression and UCP2 mRNA expression and protein levels, as regulators of energy metabolism, resting energy expenditure (REE), and appetite in athletes. Methods In a 3-week double-blind RCT in Tabriz, Iran, in 2019, 36 male athletes, age 21.86 (±3.15) y with 16.17 (±5.96)% body fat were randomized to either an intervention (2000 mg/day omega3; EPA: 360, DHA: 240) or placebo (2000 mg/day edible paraffin) groups. Appetite and REE were assessed before and after the intervention. PPARγ and UCP2 mRNA expression and UCP2 protein levels in blood were evaluated by standard methods. Results Results showed PPARγ mRNA levels, and UCP2 mRNA and protein levels increased in omega3 group (p < 0.05), as did REE (p < 0.05). Also, differences in the sensation of hunger or satiety were significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions Our findings showed that omega3 supplementation leads to the up-regulation of PPARγ and UCP2 expressions as the indicators of metabolism in healthy athletes.
Obesity is rising worldwide, and the inflammatory disease increased in parallel. Many studies demonstrate excess fat mass is an indicator of obesity. As much as lipid increased in the cell, ROS production increased. On the other hand, ROS could enhance lipid storage and increased adiposity. So obesity and inflammation have a reciprocal relationship. Uncoupling protein2 (UCP2) could control the metabolism of energy, adipose tissue, and weight management. Also, UCP2 decreased ROS, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Therefore, as metabolism-related to oxidative stress and inflammatory status, and by considering the modulatory contribution of UCP2 in inflammation; it seems UCP2 could link obesity and inflammation. This study aims to review the studies about the association between UCP2 and obesity focusing on the inflammatory process linked to ROS. In conclusion, as the results contradict the association between UCP2 as the center of metabolism and obesity, obesity-related hormones, and oxidative stress, further studies in human trials are recommended.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults.Over the past decades, there has been a great challenge in the treatment of AML. A combination of gene expression profiling with computational approaches can lead to the identification of hub genes in AML. However, it is important to study the structure of these hub genes considering their importance in the proteinprotein interaction (PPI) network of specific cancer. In this study, we designed an integrated method to analyze the presence of intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) in selected hub genes of AML. A gene expression profile of AML was obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Further analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in AML. Additionally, the top 15 hub genes following construction and analysis of the PPI network of DEGs were selected. Validation of hub genes revealed that there is a reverse relationship between overexpression of FLT3, PPBP, and PF4 genes and the survival of AML patients. Based on IDRs investigation, FLT3 and PF4 are partially disordered, while PPBP is mostly disordered. Through clustering the network into structural modules, we identified two important modules in the PPI network of DEGs that showed the important position of PPBP in module 1. Based on further analysis of protein flexibility and its important role in biological processes, we suggest that PPBP can be considered as a potential drug target in AML. K E Y W O R D Sacute myeloid leukemia (AML), hub genes, intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), PPI network Abbreviations: AML, Acute myeloid leukemia; PPI, protein-protein interaction; IDRs, intrinsically disordered regions; GEO, gene expression omnibus; DEGs, differentially expressed genes; BM, bone marrow; PB, peripheral blood; allo-HSCT, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; KEGG, kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes; GEPIA, gene expression profiling interactive analysis.
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