This article discusses the issue of “green bonds”. “Green” bonds are relevant and attractive for investors today. The features of “green” bonds are presented and the development practice in Europe is studied. The figures show the number of climate-aligned and green bonds worldwide in 2018 by region, the distribution of green bond issuance in Europe in 2019 by type of regional issuers, and the volume of green bond issuance in selected European countries in the first half of 2020.
The article is devoted to the features and problems of the formation of economic mechanism for ensuring environmental safety via energy efficiency in the process sustainable development at the regional level. The focus on environmental risk, which is considered as one of the components of the environmental safety system. In modern conditions, close attention is paid to issues of finding economic mechanism in ensuring environmental safety via energy efficiency; development of directions for implementation of green strategy in the regions and countries. Features of the economic mechanism in ensuring environmental safety and energy efficiency held back in sufficient development of theoretical issues, methodological and regulatory framework. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that sustainable development analysis of the current situation, problem analysis optimization prospects play an important role in improving economic mechanisms for regulating the market for petroleum products, oil and gas industries, economic mechanisms of energy regulation, etc. There is a need, on the one hand, for quantitative assessment the probability of occurrence of processes and phenomena that reduce the quality environment, and on the other hand, quantification of possible damage from their manifestation at the regional level. The aim of the study is to elaborate the economic mechanism for ensuring environmental safety of the region. Authors conduct analysis using observations, reports and comparative official statistics; formulate original insights, which can have policy implications.
Currently, there are a great number of platform-projects and frameworks based on blockchain technology. Consequently, it is necessary to define the most relevant blockchain platforms and analyze them taking into consideration a variety of features. Also, there is a need to investigate the logistics growth and the price of Bitcoin on the Binance cryptocurrency exchange. The authors have examined modern technologies used by manufacturing companies in the field of fintech in the context of the 2019-2024 period. The results show that sensors and automatic identification take the leading position both at present and in 2024. Aartificial intelligence and blockchain are also in demand by manufacturers today, however in the nearest future their ranking positions will increase sixfold from 10% to 60%. In the current paper the authors review the largest companies that effectively use blockchain technology in their businesses. The conducted survey shows that 18% of companies use blockchain technology based on Bitcoin. The authors have analysed a number of Bitcoin transactions for the period from January 2017 to February 2021 and concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a favourable effect on the indicator data. A maximum number of transactions equal to 10.15 million was carried out in July 2020. Using the method of the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and statistical estimation methods the authors have revealed an underestimation of the equilibrium state of the empirical distribution of price data and the volume of daily trading of Bitcoin on the Binance cryptocurrency exchange through the channel of the right-hand confidence interval. The blockchain technology based on Bitcoin has positively reacted to the macroeconomic factors such as the COVID-19 pandemics and further growth in Bitcoin transactions is expected. With the help of economic modelling, the authors have defined the predictable volume and the price of Bitcoin on the Binance cryptocurrency exchange.
The tax administration effectiveness depends on the level of tax revenues and economic system functioning and the stable economic development of any government. The article considers institutional aspects of tax administration. The purpose of this study is to describe, evaluate and search for the development prospects of the organizational model of tax administration. The authors describe the contemporary condition of the Republic of Kazakhstan tax authorities’ organizational structure. Moreover, the international practices of the tax administration’s organizational system in modern realities is overviewed. The tax administration effectiveness is evaluated by the correlation-regression analysis of the tax authorities’ activity indicators. As a result, the relationship between the degree of effectiveness of tax administration and key performance indicators of tax authorities were identified and evaluated. Based on the conducted theoretical research, this paper reviewed tax administration’s partner system within the perspective innovative development framework. The research results are of interest to economists and public officials in the tax audit field.
The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) countries have actively taken a direction to promote political initiatives to strengthen energy security. Major policy initiatives are programmes to increase domestic renewable energy production, improve energy efficiency and reduce CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion. This paper aims to show how energy security indicators namely primary energy intensity (EI) of gross domestic product, primary energy dependence (PE), net import dependence (ID), supplier dependency (SD) vary in a range of energy security policies -renewable energy development, Energy Efficiency Reduction (EFF), and Greenhouse Gas Reduction (GHG). Furthermore, factors preventing the development of non-traditional and renewable sources of energy in countries of EAEU are considered. Mechanisms of solving existing contradictions are proposed. Particular attention is paid to the need to include environmental costs and pollution losses in economic analysis, which will improve the competitiveness of alternative energy sources. The necessity of accelerated development of alternative energy to increase energy supply, energy saving, energy and environmental security is shown.
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