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To cite this article: Madelief Wijdeveld, Max Nieuwdorp & Richard IJzerman (2020) The interaction between microbiome and host central nervous system: the gut-brain axis as a potential new therapeutic target in the treatment of obesity and cardiometabolic disease, Expert Opinion on

Aims: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors induce less weight loss than expected. This may be explained by sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitorinduced alterations in central reward-and satiety circuits, leading to increased appetite and food intake. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists reduce appetite and body weight because of direct and indirect effects on the brain. We investigated the separate and combined effects of dapagliflozin and exenatide on the brain in response to the anticipation and consumption of food in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods:As part of a larger study, this was a 16 week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects with obesity and type 2 diabetes were randomized (1:1:1:1) to dapagliflozin 10 mg with exenatide-matched placebo, exenatide twice-daily 10 μg with dapagliflozin-matched placebo, dapagliflozin plus exenatide, or double placebo. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the effects of treatments on brain responses to the anticipation of food and food receipt were assessed after 10 days and 16 weeks.Results: After 10 days, dapagliflozin increased activation in right amygdala and right caudate nucleus in response to the anticipation of food, and tended to decrease activation in right amygdala in response to actual food receipt. After 16 weeks, no changes in brain activation were observed with dapagliflozin. Dapagliflozin plus exenatide reduced activation in right caudate nucleus and amygdala to the anticipation of food, and decreased activation in the right amygdala in response to food receipt after 16 weeks. Conclusions:The dapagliflozin-induced changes in brain activation may contribute to the discrepancy between observed and expected weight loss with dapagliflozin.