Conducting polymers (CP) can be considered as model materials for designing motors sensing themselves while working without additional connectivity as they mimic the electrochemical reactions of biological muscles comprising macromolecular...

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Search for energy storage devices towards sustainability, compatibility and versatility demands flexible supercapacitors capable of sensing their surrounding conditions. Here, highly electroactive polyaniline/chitosan-hydrogel hybrid films were fabricated with a view to developing a self-sensing motor. The hybrid electrodes showed remarkable supercpacitive property with high-rate performance while capable of sensing electrical, thermal and chemical working conditions as evinced from the chronopotentiometric responses with consumed electrical energy as the sensing parameter. A single faradaic electrochemical reaction (the reversible oxidation-reduction) is responsible for both the sensing and charge storage properties of the hybrid film, which is exploited to develop a truly integrated sensing supercapacitor without additional connectivities. As a proof-of-concept, an all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor was fabricated which showed large capacitance (118 mF cm− 2 at 0.4 mA cm− 2), high energy density (14.8 µWh cm− 2 at a power density of 105 µW cm− 2) compared to other polyaniline-hydrogel supercapacitors as well as 93% capacitance retention after 1200 charge-discharge cycles. Besides, the current sensing characteristics of the device were tested from charge-discharge responses at a constant charged state to prove the above concept. This fundamental study provides a new direction for the development of simple and compatible self-sensing motors.