Conducting Polymer/Hydrogel Systems as Soft Actuators

Ismail, Yahya A.; Shabeeba, Aranhikundan; Sidheekha, Madari Palliyalil; Rajan, Lijin

doi:10.1002/9781119662693.ch9

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 152 publications

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“…However, it is unlikely that the samples contained residual monomers or reagents since they were extensively dialyzed for 15 days (10 days in water, and then 5 days in PBS), and this purification step usually leads to a biocompatible polymer. 9,14,47 Another hypothesis is that sterilization of the samples in autoclave at 121 C during 20 min may have caused the scission of some PAA chains. Whereas high molecular weight PAA chains are not cytotoxic, Whitty et al showed that chains of molecular mass of 39,300 g mol À1 exhibit a certain level of cytotoxicity.…”

Section: Cytotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 As recently reviewed by Ismail et al, different synthesis routes have been explored to obtain CPs/hydrogels materials. 9 Conductive interpenetrated polymer networks (CIPNs), a continuous network of CP within the hydrogel matrix, can ensure that electric pulse is felt by all CP chains. CIPNs structure benefit from high porosity and water uptake of the hydrogel, facilitating diffusion of ions involved in the redox electrochemical process in the CPs chains, and increasing the actuation speed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CIPN synthesis has a strong influence on hydrogel structure and CP structure within the hydrogel, impacting the final properties. 9 Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of CIPN of PAA/PPy, with improved toughness and electrochemical properties as a promising candidate for soft bending actuator. Three PAA/PPy compositions (i.e., PAA/PPy-0.05, À0.25, and À1.00) were prepared by controlling in-situ polymerization of PPy in aqueous solution through the preformed PAA network.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Poly(acrylic acid)/polypyrrole interpenetrated network as electro‐responsive hydrogel for biomedical applications

Milani

Coutinho

Ambrosio

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The combination of conducting polymers and hydrogels in a conductive interpenetrated polymer network (CIPN) is an interesting strategy to mimic muscles and to create bending actuators. Whereas the conducting polymer ensures the electro pulse flux, the hydrogel provides structural support similar to human tissues. In this work, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and polypyrrole (PPy) CIPNs were synthesized in aqueous solution in three different compositions and characterized in terms of their morphology, composition, mechanical, and electrochemical properties, as well as cytotoxic and the bending behavior when submitted to an electric field. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated hydrogen interaction between PAA and PPy, and PPy doping level was not modified when polymerized inside the PAA structure. Mechanical properties and density were shown to increase with an increase in PPy content, whereas water content decreased. Surprisingly, PAA/PPy CINPs presented some toxicity that may be due to the sterilization technique. Finally, PAA/PPy CIPNs responded mechanically to electrical stimuli and good curve symmetry and reversibility were observed in the cyclic voltammogram tests. These results indicate that the CIPN containing a PAA/PPy ratio of 1:0.3 is promising to prepare biocompatible soft bending actuators such as artificial muscles.

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Section: Cytotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Poly(acrylic acid)/polypyrrole interpenetrated network as electro‐responsive hydrogel for biomedical applications

Milani

Coutinho

Ambrosio

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…On the other hand, except for yarns and hydraulic forces, most smart materials can spontaneously contract and expand under stimuli from the external environment. These include liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) (Ford et al, 2019;Kotikian et al, 2021), shape memory alloys (Hartl et al, 2010;Huang et al, 2019), dielectric elastomers (DEs) (Brochu and Pei, 2012;Peng et al, 2021), conducting polymers (Ismail et al, 2020;Li et al, 2011), stimuli-responsive gels (Xia et al, 2013), piezoelectric actuators (Xu et al, 2010), electrostrictive actuators (Liu et al, 2018), magnetostrictive actuators (Villegas et al, 2012), and photostrictive actuators (Takagi et al, 2004). Hence, these materials are a promising alternative to traditional artificial muscle materials.…”

Section: Soft Actuation Inspired By Animal Actuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology and bioinspiration of soft robotics: Actuation, sensing, and system integration

Ren

Wei

et al. 2021

iScience

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Organisms in nature grow with senses, nervous, and actuation systems coordinated in ingenious ways to sustain metabolism and other essential life activities. The understanding of biological structures and functions guide the construction of soft robotics with unprecedented performances. However, despite the progress in soft robotics, there still remains a big gap between man-made soft robotics and natural lives in terms of autonomy, adaptability, self-repair, durability, energy efficiency, etc. Here, the actuation and sensing strategies in the natural biological world are summarized along with their man-made counterparts applied in soft robotics. The development trends of bioinspired soft robotics toward closed loop and embodiment are proposed. Challenges for obtaining autonomous soft robotics similar to natural organisms are outlined to provide a perspective in this field.

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“…PANI is a future material for microelectronic devices, chemical, and biological sensors, actuators, and so forth. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] In recent years, the focus of the investigation has been on PANI composites consists of different materials like CNT, [9] metal oxides, [10] nitrates, [11] sulfides, [12] and so forth to produce new materials with exciting physical and chemical properties. The exploration of composites of PANI has received great interest from various researchers, industries across the globe [10,11,13] especially for supercapacitor applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, electrical, and dielectric properties of novel polyaniline/strontium di‐nitrate composites

Ashwini

Pattar

Sreekanth³

et al. 2021

Polymer Composites

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Polyaniline (PANI) and polyaniline/strontium di-nitrate [Sr(NO 3 ) 2 ] composites were synthesized by in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization. The composites with different weight percentages of Sr(NO 3 ) 2 were synthesized for the study of the charge transport mechanism. Interaction between Sr(NO 3 ) 2 and the PANI was confirmed from the observed peak shift to a lower wavelength in the FTIR spectra. DC conductivity of composites decreased with an increase in the concentrations of Sr(NO 3 ) 2 . The exponent values, 0.64 < s < 0.75, calculated from Jonscher universal power-law using AC conductivity forecasts the hopping conduction mechanism. The complex impedance studies showed two semicircles in the Nyquist plot and simulated to an equivalent circuit by constant-phase element (CPE). The relaxation time for pristine PANI was 2.28 μs, whereas a higher relaxation time of 18.5 μs was observed with 40 wt% Sr(NO 3 ) 2 , doped composite.The values of dielectric constant, and dielectric loss decreased with increasing frequency and increasing Sr(NO 3 ) 2 wt%. Therefore, the results obtained for Sr(NO 3 ) 2 doped PANI composites are of scientific and technological interest.

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Conducting Polymer/Hydrogel Systems as Soft Actuators

Cited by 21 publications

References 152 publications

Poly(acrylic acid)/polypyrrole interpenetrated network as electro‐responsive hydrogel for biomedical applications

Poly(acrylic acid)/polypyrrole interpenetrated network as electro‐responsive hydrogel for biomedical applications

Biology and bioinspiration of soft robotics: Actuation, sensing, and system integration

Synthesis, electrical, and dielectric properties of novel polyaniline/strontium di‐nitrate composites

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