The automation of manufacturing processes as a result of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, rendered faster under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic, leads to a question as to whether small enterprises, and in particular microenterprises, will still be financially self-sufficient. The literature on the subject so far has not provided an answer to this question, and limited access to financial data concerning microenterprises, as well as data on the robotification of labour in these companies, leads to this problem becoming a research niche. Therefore, this paper aims to assess the attractiveness of the operation of microenterprises that provide financial advisory services in the situation of replacing human labour with robots. For that purpose, we performed a simulation of the state of the microenterprise before and after introducing the robotification of services, taking into account the extra tax on robotification. The findings indicate that anticipating the improvement of financial results following the automation of financial services requires taking into account the replaceability of employees in a particular unit, the form of acquiring a robot and a potential increase in the tax burden (with a tax compensating for the lost state income).
Investments and long-term real interest rate in Poland. Study of investment structure, current account and their correlation with long-term real interest rates Jakub Krawczyk, Szymon Filipczak BOOK REVIEWS
From October 2017 the European Union envisages the abolition of the socalled sugar quotas and minimum prices for buying sugar beet. As a consequence of these changes the sugar levies paid by the sugar factories of the Member States will cease to apply. The article identifies the fiscal effects of the abolition of these levies. The European Union and the Member States will lose some of their budget revenues. The structure of Member States' burdens for GNI payments will also change as well as their operating balance relative to the EU budget. Through the change Poland will gain, whereas some large net contributors will lose, i.e. the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
Stabilne dochody publiczne zapewniają środki na realizację zadań publicznych i gwarantują szeroko rozumiane bezpieczeństwo finansów publicznych. Pojęcie stabilności dochodów publicznych nie zostało jednak jednoznacznie zdefiniowane. W artykule przybliżono pojęcie stabilności dochodów publicznych oraz zaproponowano metody pomiaru tej stabilności za pomocą tzw. współczynnika zmienności. Analizę przeprowadzono na przykładzie systemu zasobów własnych Unii Europejskiej obowiązującego w latach 2000-2010. Badania empiryczne przeprowadzono dla poszczególnych rodzajów dochodów w różnych ujęciach i uzyskano zróżnicowane wyniki. Zaproponowany współczynnik zmienności pozwala w sposób transparentny opisać i porównać stabilność różnych dochodów publicznych, niezależnie od cyklu koniunkturalnego. Ta metoda pomiaru może również być stosowana do porównania stabilności dochodów na różnych szczeblach władzy publicznej.
The Market Economy Investor Principle (MEIP) is applied to assess if the public investment becomes public aid. Such assistance is essential for the success of the investment as it can completely or partially contest it. In Poland MEIP is still poorly recognized. The paper presents the concept and possibilities of using MEIP in assessing the effectiveness of public investment. The MEIP can be a versatile and effective tool especially useful for assessing the recapitalization of the broadly understood companies in terms of the market competition distortion. The paper also mentions the objections to MEIP.
The Market Economy Investor Principle (MEIP) is applied to assess if the public investment becomes public aid. Such assistance is essential for the success of the investment as it can completely or partially contest it. In Poland MEIP is still poorly recognized. The paper presents the concept and possibilities of using MEIP in assessing the effectiveness of public investment. The MEIP can be a versatile and effective tool especially useful for assessing the recapitalization of the broadly understood companies in terms of the market competition distortion. The paper also mentions the objections to MEIP.
JEL classificationD22, H25, O31, O38
Abstr actThe micro, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) sector is crucial for the development of an innovative and competitive European Union economy. In each programming period, the EU prepares a number of activities and tools for these companies to improve their market position. The article attempts to assess the impact of the Regional Operational Program for Wielkopolskie Voivodeship 2007-2013 (ROPW) on the innovation level of the SME sector in the region. The evaluation was based on 255 projects implemented by these companies within the ROPW. Research shows that there was little interest in EU funds from Wielkopolska entrepreneurs. However the examined projects were characterized by a high degree of innovation.2014, p. 4). As a result, the European Union prepares a wide range of actions and tools for these companies to improve their market position in each programming period. The article attempts to assess the influence of Regional Operational Program for Wielkopolskie Voivodeship 2007-2013 (ROPW) on the level of SME sector innovation in the region. The assessment was made on the basis of an analysis of 255 investment projects implemented by SMEs under the program. It should be emphasized that the final report on the implementation of ROPW unfortunately gives fairly general data on the innovativeness of projects. It is limited to the total number of new and improved products across the range of activities and schemes, and the number of R&D projects (Sprawozdanie WRPO…, 2017, pp. 266-274, załącz. IV, Tab. 4). The analysis of the projects allowed for a considerable refinement and supplementation of the indicated results.
Przez ekonomię tradycyjną autor rozumie wszystkie nurty ekonomiczne nieuwzględniające tematyki zasobów naturalnych oraz ich wewnątrzpokoleniowego i międzypokoleniowego podziału, a więc ekonomię klasyczną, neoklasyczną, keynesizm, a także neoklasyczną ekonomię środowiskową.
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