The Perception of Parental Relationship: A Comparison of Adolescents Older and Younger Than 15 Years of Age This study evaluates the difference in risk behavior and depressive symptomalogy in adolescents, as parenting styles change through developmental stages. A group of students older and younger than 15 years old, in Santiago's Metropolitan Region were screened for these behaviors and symptoms, focusing upon the relationship with parents. Barber's Cross National Adolescent Program test, adapted and validated in Chile, was given to a 1 447 students, randomly selected in 14 Middle Schools. Barber's model was used to compare upbringing styles. Results show that parental support correlates with children's social initiative, psychological control shows positive correlation with depressive symptomatology, and behavioral control shows a negative correlation with antisocial behavior. The only variable showing age bracket variability is antisocial adolescent behavior, when external and internal aggressive behavior are compared. The results suggest that Barber's model can be applied among Chilean adolescents 10 to 19 years of age. The implications of these findings, and possible preventive actions are presented.
The aim of this study is to corroborate a reference framework that relates parental styles with drugs consumption, depression, self and other aggressive behaviors. We found that parents' acceptance correlates positively with adolescents' initiative and negatively with depressive and suicidal symptoms; psychological control with depression and behavioral control with antisocial behavior. Material and Methods: The CNAP+ (Cross National Adolescent Program) questionnaire (version CNAP Plus) was adapted in interaction with its author; and then was applied to a representative, random, three-stages sample of the Metropolitan Region (n = 1.447). Results: The worse the relation with parents, the higher the consumption, depression, suicidal ideation and hetero aggressive behaviors. Spearman's correlation coefficients were found in the same direction of a previous transcultural CNAP study. Frequent consumption of alcohol was found in 26.9%, of tobacco in 31.2%, of marihuana in 6.9% and of cocaine or other drugs in 2.3% of the sample studied. The same sample has suicide ideation 7.76% and depressive symptoms 6.9%. Self aggression prevailed among women and hetero aggression among men. With age there was an increase in alcohol consumption (χ 2 = 107.95, p = 0.0001), of tobacco (χ 2 = 63.02, p = 0.0001), of marihuana (χ 2 = 18.78, p = 0.001) and of cocaine (χ 2 = 8.995, p = 0.06). There is differential by age in violent behaviors, suicide ideation or depressive
ResumenEl problema del consumo de drogas es una preocupación mundial fundamentalmente en términos de prevención. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar factores predictores del inicio en el consumo de drogas lícitas en escolares de 4º a 7º básico. Se encuestaron 234 participantes de dos comunas de Santiago, mediante la metodología de pares . Los resultados muestran que si bien el consumo en el último mes parece estar disminuyendo, el consumo escolar está en aumento y a una edad más temprana, lo que predice un aumento del consumo futuro. Los principales factores de riesgo asociados al uso de drogas licitas en la muestra serían no vivir con alguno de sus padres y la participación en peleas callejeras. Dentro de los factores protectores, el género femenino presenta menor riesgo de inicio en la edad escolar.Palabras clave: Consumo de drogas, riesgo, población escolar. AbstractDrug consumption is a problem of global concern primarily in terms of prevention. The objective of this research was to identify the factors that predict initial legal drug consumption in school children from 4 th to 7 th grade. The peer methodology (Rodriguez & Hernandez, 2005) was applied to 234 participants from two counties in Santiago. The results showed that although drug consumption in the past month was in decline, school children are starting legal drug consumption earlier, which will increase its general use in the future. The main factors that predict the risk of legal drug consumption are not living with on of the parents and involvement in street fights. The feminine gender was the main protective factor for beginning drug consumption at this age.
ResumenEl objetivo es comparar el consumo de drogas a través de dos metodologías, la metodología de pares (MP) y la metodología del cuestionario auto registrado (CAR). La población está compuesta por escolares de género masculino, que cursan entre 8° básico y 4° medio. La muestra alcanzó a 301 escolares. Los resultados obtenidos son, una tendencia a mayor consumo general con la MP que con el CAR; igualmente, en el último mes el consumo muestra una tendencia al aumento con la MP en comparación con el CAR. En ambos períodos no hubo significación estadística. Por otro lado, el consumo de drogas ilícitas en los últimos 12 meses, fue el doble con la MP. En cuanto al consumo de los últimos 30 días, también se duplica al indagar con la MP. La declaración del consumo de drogas ilícitas es significativamente mayor con la MP que con el CAR, en ambos períodos estudiados. El consumo de marihuana, en ambos períodos, es el de mayor consumo entre las drogas ilícitas. Todas las diferencias alcanzaron significación y por lo tanto, la hipótesis que indica utilizando la MP se obtiene mayor declaración del consumo de drogas ilícitas se ratifica.Palabras claves: Metodología de pares, consumo de drogas, escolares, hombres. AbstractThe objective of this study is to compare the declared licit and illicit drug consumption, between paired methodology (MP) and self assessed questionnaire (CAR). We suggest that understatement of illicit drug use will be minimized with the use of peer methodology, and that licit drug understatement will not be affected using peer methodology. The population of this study is composed by male school students ranging between middle and high School. The sample reached to 301 students. The results obtained regarding illicit drug consumption in the year, tend to be higher using MP compared with the CAR. Similarly, last month consumption reached a higher prevalence using MP than using CAR. There are no significant differences in both samples, during both periods. Nevertheless, in the last 12 months, illicit drug consumption doubled the CAR report in comparison to MP. Regarding drug consumption in the last 30 days, the results also showed that CAR underestimated half of the rate stated using MP. Illicit drug consumption is significantly higher using MP, than CAR, in both periods that were studied. Illicit consumption rates of in the past year and in the last month are significantly higher using MP, particularly with Marihuana. There are no statistical differences in the same periods, regarding licit drug consumption rate, as alcohol and tobacco.
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