The results in these small population sample do not support the hypothesis that men have a higher frequency and proportion of illicit drug consumption.
Background: At the present time the assessment of results of treatment of Chagas disease is mainly parasitological. Anti Trypanosoma cruzi (Rev Méd Chile 2005; 133: 1153-60).
Between January and July, 2003, a single blinded matched trial was done to assess focalized biliary ultrasound (US) and MR cholangiography (MRCP) compared with ERCP or surgery as reference standard in patients with suspected biliary obstruction. Focalized US was performed 24 hrs before/after MRCP. Patients were triage according symptoms, signs and laboratory in high, intermediate and low risk for obstruction. Radiologists sonographers were divided in low and highly experienced. None of the radiologist who reported either US or MRCP was aware to the other test results. Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV and NPV, (LR) Likelihood Ratios and pre and post-test odds for positive and negative test were estimated.We analized 64 out of 76 sampled patients, the prevalence of obstruction was 37 % (24 out of 64 patients). US found biliary tree dilated in 50% and MRCP in 48% of the patients. Main cause of obstruction was common bile duct stones in (16) 25%. and tumors were the second more common cause. US shown a Sensitivity (S) 58.3% when a non experienced radiologist perform the exam, and 70% when an experienced radiologist doest it. Specificity (Sp) 82,5%, PPV 66.7% and NPV 76.7%. RMCP Shown S 95.8%, Sp 87.5%, PPV 82.1%, NPV 97.2% For common bile duct stones US shown a PPV 53.3% and NPV 83.6% on the other hand MRCP a PPV 70% and NPV 95.4%. MRCP perform better than focalized US in overall patients with high risk of obstruction (37.5%), detecting the cause of obstruction but using aditional sequences rising the examination time and costs. With a positive ultrasound and LR(+) 3.3 pretest odds rise from 0.37/37% to a post-test odds of 0.55/55% and with negative test result and LR(-) 0.49 pre-test odds 0.37/37% will decrease to post-test odds of 0.2/20%. With MRCP a positive test with LR(+) 7.7 initial pre-test odds 0.37/37.5% to post-test odds of 0.8/ 80% and with a negative test result LR(-) 0.05 pretest odds 0.37/37% will decrease to post-test odds of 0.03%.Ultrasound performed by experienced sonographers has a Specificity and NPV over 80%, and perform similar to MRCP for detecting biliary tree dilatation the best predictor of obstruction. In patients with low pre-test odds (low risk) of obstruction, to use focalized US and then MRCP, when the cause of obstruction is not diagnosed could be the more cost/ efective initial alternative in this patients. This data must be confirmed with further studies with cost/effectivenes analysis.
Inquiry on abuse in children and adolescent at a suburban county of Santiago, ChileA method for detection and registration of child abuse (demonstrated or suspected) was experimentally applied at a suburban community of Santiago Chile as a contribution to the understanding of the problem in the country and to future development of a national case register. The questionnaire was applied by trained personnel or health, education ana justice institutions to cases detected at health centers, schools, police stations and justice courts and ro a paired control sample of unrelated cases from the same institutions. Children's characteristics, type of abuse and biological, social and family risk factors were recorded. Characteristics of 145 cases and 125 controls were compared, as well as subtypes of abuse, and different maternal ages. Significant differences were respectively recorded in the frequency of family members with mental diseases (23.8% vs. 1 1.2%) that lived in the same household as the abused case (67.6% vs. 14.3%); absence of alcohol comsumplion, (21% vs. 44%), problem alcohol drinkers (23.8% vs. 7.2%) and illicit drug consumtion {15.5% vs. 7.2%) among family members; behaviour problems of the child [54% ante 16,8%]; use of social aid programmes (26.9% vs. 12,8%); attendance to public townhall managed schools [79.4% vs. 66.3%); good quality housing [68.8% vs. 88.9%), provissional housing [31,4% vs. 11,5%); participation in community (6.2% vs. 1 3.6/0). These results remain however provissional till completion of wider studies wilh more refined instruments.
ResumenEl problema del consumo de drogas es una preocupación mundial fundamentalmente en términos de prevención. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar factores predictores del inicio en el consumo de drogas lícitas en escolares de 4º a 7º básico. Se encuestaron 234 participantes de dos comunas de Santiago, mediante la metodología de pares . Los resultados muestran que si bien el consumo en el último mes parece estar disminuyendo, el consumo escolar está en aumento y a una edad más temprana, lo que predice un aumento del consumo futuro. Los principales factores de riesgo asociados al uso de drogas licitas en la muestra serían no vivir con alguno de sus padres y la participación en peleas callejeras. Dentro de los factores protectores, el género femenino presenta menor riesgo de inicio en la edad escolar.Palabras clave: Consumo de drogas, riesgo, población escolar.
AbstractDrug consumption is a problem of global concern primarily in terms of prevention. The objective of this research was to identify the factors that predict initial legal drug consumption in school children from 4 th to 7 th grade. The peer methodology (Rodriguez & Hernandez, 2005) was applied to 234 participants from two counties in Santiago. The results showed that although drug consumption in the past month was in decline, school children are starting legal drug consumption earlier, which will increase its general use in the future. The main factors that predict the risk of legal drug consumption are not living with on of the parents and involvement in street fights. The feminine gender was the main protective factor for beginning drug consumption at this age.
It is concluded that the instrument is suitable for use because it is a short self-administered questionnaire that shows similar psychometric characteristics to the original English version.
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