This research was conducted diachronically. The object of this research is the PM phonemes which experienced retention and innovation in Melayu Tamiang language which observed the diachronic perspective. The data used in this research are 400 vocabularies. It was collected in Durian Village, Rantau District; Rantau Bintang Village, Bandar Pusaka District; Sekerak Kanan Village, Sekerak District and Bandar Khalifah Village, Tamiang Hulu District. The data was collected using listening and speaking method along with registering and recording techniques. The data were analysed using qualitative method. Diachronically, the result of the research showed that PM vowels, such as /*a/, /*ə/, /*i/ and /*u/ are still passed down by BMT until now. However, there are innovation occurred to *u < /U/ and *a < /ɔ/ vowels. Similarly, some PM consonants such as /*b/, /*d/, /*g/, /*h/, /*j/, /*k/, /*l/, /*m/, /*n/, /*p/, /* r/, /*s/, /*t/, /*w/, /*y/, /*ñ/, /*ŋ/ and /*ˀ/ are still maintained by BMT, while the consonant phonemes which experienced innovation are *h < Ø/ , *k < /ˀ/, *l < /ˀ/, *r < /R/ , *s < /h/ and *t < /ˀ/. ABSTRAK AbstrakPenelitian Protobahasa Melayik ini dilakukan secara diakronis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan fonem protobahasa Melayik (PM) yang mengalami retensi dan inovasi pada bahasa Melayu Tamiang (BMT) ditinjau dari persepektif diakronis. Data yang digunakan sebanyak 400 kosakata. Pengumpulan data dilakukan di Kampung Durian, Kec. Rantau, Desa Rantau Bintang, Kec. Bandar Pusaka, Desa Sekerak Kanan, Kec. Sekerak, dan Desa Bandar Khalifah, Kec. Tamiang Hulu. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode simak dan cakap dengan teknik catat dan rekam. Data dianalisis dengan menerapkan metode kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fonem vokal PM seperti /*a/, /*ə/, /*i/, dan /*u/ masih diwariskan oleh BMT hingga kini. Namun inovasi terjadi pada vokal *u < /U/ dan *a < /ɔ/. Inovasi terjadi dengan sejumlah fonem konsonan PM, seperti /*b/, /*d/, /*g/, /*h/, /*j/, /*k/, /*l/, /*m/, /*n/, /*p/, /* r/, /*s/, /*t/, /*w/, /*y/, /*ñ/, /*ŋ/, dan /*ˀ/ masih dipertahankan oleh BMT sampai saat ini. Fonem konsonan yang mengalami inovasi adalah * h < Ø/ , *k < /ˀ/, *l < /ˀ/, *r < /R/ , *s < /h/ dan *t < /ˀ/.
Bench blasting operation on limestone opencast mining at PT. Semen Padang (Persero), Indonesia performed by electric blasting using coloumn loading system. Limestone deposit consist of three type of rock characteritics that are hard limestone, sugary limestone, and jointed limestone. In general, a good blasting design should implementing subdrilling to avoid toe. In this case of study the subdrilling is not need due to the present of many cracks caused by basalt intrusion. Blasting geometry that applied to blast the jointed limestone resulting blasting fragmentation that commonly relatively small in size (<60 cm) but still has some boulders (>60 cm) that caused by coloumn loading system where energy was concentrated in the bottom. Based on field observation of limestone blasting operation and productivity of excavator being used that is Excavator Hitachi EX 1100 with 5.4 m 3 bucket capacity, can be optimized. Especially from the view of drilling and blasting efficiency by modifying blasting geometry and explosive usage to optimize fragmentation to the productivity of excavator being used. Modification that performed is eliminate the sub drilling and change the explosives loading system from coloumn loading to deck loading (include amount of explosives and detonator being used). Based on result of modification, achieve decreasing of boulder percentage as much as 50.25% that is from 9.71% to 4.83% and increasing of excavator productivity up to 36.10% from 1,479 ton/hour to 2,013 ton/hour as well as decreasing blasting cost up to 17.18% from Rp 3,456/ton to Rp 2,862/ton.
Semakin meningkatnya pertumbuhan pembangunan infrastruktur Indonesia, kebutuhan semen akan terus meningkat sehingga konsumsi batu kapur sebagai bahan baku utama dalam proses pembuatan semen akan meningkat pula. Kegiatan pembongkaran batu kapur yang dilaksanakan di Tambang Baturaja I salah satunya adalah menggunakan peledakan. Jarak aman peledakan yang diizinkan berdasarkan Kepmen ESDM Nomor 1827/K/30/MEM/2018 adalah 500 meter terhadap manusia dan/atau diperbolehkan berdasarkan kajian teknis. Untuk meningkatkan produksi batu kapur SMBR akan melakukan kegiatan peledakan pada jarak ±100 meter dari pemukiman masyarakat. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis hasil pengukuran getaran peledakan akibat kegiatan peledakan sehingga diperoleh isian handak Emulsi per delay yang diizinkan untuk melakukan kegiatan peledakan pada jarak ±100 meter. Berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan diperoleh bahwa konstanta site spesifik untuk k adalah 44,64 dan untuk n adalah -0,8027. Sehingga isian bahan peledak Emulsion per delay yang diizinkan untuk dilakukan kegiatan peledakan adalah 11 kg/delay dengan peak vector sum prediction (PVS) adalah 2,9 mm/detik. Sehingga berdasarkan penelitian ini cadangan tertambang yang dapat diambil adalah 2.747.549 ton batu kapur.
Effective water resource management offers a very significant value across social, economic, commercial and environmental application. For this fundamental reason, adequate sustainability becomes equally crucial. Therefore, activities geared towards the depletion in quantity, quality, and loss of potable water resources, particularly for communities, demand urgent reconsiderations. Erosion in coal mining land causes depletion in water quantity and quality, as well as inadequate drinking water resources for surrounding communities, making water resources unsustainable. Meanwhile, reclamation reduces erosion, but is unable to restore water depletion optimally, thus, these resources remain unsustainable. these resources remain unsustainable. However, recycling depleted water utilization for drinking provides economic value for the environment, as well as the community’s drinking water resources’ availability and sustainability. The objectives of this study were to develop water resource sustainability concept for a sustainable environment by analyzing the potential economic value and secondly, calculate the water resource value due to erosion, reclamation, domestic and economic importance, by recycling efforts. The method used in this study was the Extended NPV. Furthermore, the total potential economic value of water resources loss resulting in water resource unsustainability was IDR 1,137,621,671,375 or IDR 1.14 trillion, while the potential economic value of depleted water utilization for drinking was IDR 2,298,339,797,000 or IDR 2.3 trillion. Therefore, this utilization provides potential economic value worth IDR 1.16 trillion, for the resources’ sustainability in the TAL area of PTBA. The study’s results found and recommended depleted water utilization for drinking as a suitable method to replace water resources lost due to erosion, community drinking water resource loss, and to discover a sustainable environment’s water resources sustainability concept. In addition, the study formulates environmental economics as a new mining science related to natural resource economics as well as mining, for sustainable water resources and mining environment.
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