:10' E and altitude of 250 m). The experiment was arranged in twelve treatment combinations with strip plot design as horizontal factor (main treatment) one continuous irrigation (P 1 ), two pulses (P 2 ), three pulses (P 3 ) and four pulses (P 4 ), while vertical factor (sub treatment) as irrigation levels viz., I 1 (0.80 ET C ), I 2 (1.0 ET C ) and I 3 (1.20 ET C ) treatments. It was revealed that the average seasonal water applied to white onion under pulse irrigation (drip) through different irrigation levels varied from 276.8 mm for I 1 (0.8 ET C ) to 429.0 mm for I 3 (1.2 ET C ) irrigation levels. Among the different treatment combination I 2 P 4 (irrigation level I 2 (1.0 ET C ) with four pulse treatment P 4 ) was found 38.52 t.ha -1 and significantly superior over I 1 P 1 (irrigation level I 1 (0.8 ET C ) with continuous irrigation P 1 ). The production cost of Rs. 4,47,366 and Rs. 4,42, , gross returns of Rs. 9,63,000 and Rs. 9,31,500 ha -1 , net returns of Rs. 5,15,634 and Rs. 4,88,538 ha -1 and B C ratio of 2.15 and 2.10, were observed for I 2 P 4 and I 3 P 4 treatment combinations, respectively. Average water use efficiency was found maximum for I 1 P 4 (11.93 q ha -1 cm -1 ) treatment combination followed by I 1 P 3 (11.33 q ha -1 cm -1 ) and I 2 P 4 (10.99 q ha -1 cm -1 ) treatment combinations, respectively.
Konkan is a coastal strip parallel to Sahyadri hill ranges, which rises from mean sea level to 300 meter height having annual rainfall range from 2300 mm to 4100 mm (Anonymous, 2013).Climate change is acting as a trigger for changing rainfall pattern and temperature which can have significant impacts on hydrological cycle and crop calendar of the region (Abrol et al., 2004). Mono-cropping with rice cultivation during kharif season is generally observed while the horticultural crops like mango, cashew and coconut are major crops of the region. In last few years' production, productivity and quality of mango is adversely affected due to change in different meteorological parameters in the region (Munj et al., 2017). The variability in rainfall and temperature of the Konkan region has been reported by various workers (Dixit et al., 2005;Yadav and Dixit, 2006;Talathi et al., 2008). However no work is reported on trends in the climatic parameters of this region. Hence, the presents study was undertaken to analyse the trends in annual and seasonal rainfall and temperaturein the Konkan region.The daily rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature data of twelve locations (Table 1) was collected from Department of Agronomy, Dr.Balasaheb Sawant Konkan KrishiVidyapeeth, Dapoli and Water Resource Department, Hydrological Project, Government of Maharashtra, Nasik. The daily data were converted in to seasonal (kharif from 23 rd to 41 st SWM, rabi from 42 nd to 8 th SWM and summer from 9 th to 22 nd SWM) and annual.Trend analysis was statistically examined in two phases i.e., initially the presence of a monotonic increasing or decreasing trend was tested using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test (Mann, 1945;Kendall, 1995). Then the rate of change was estimated with the help of Sen's slope test (Sen, 1968). The slope of the trend line indicates the rate and direction of change. The significance of results were tested at 90, 95 and 99 per cent confidence levels.
to assess the effect of irrigation levels on vegetative growth and yield characteristics in white onion on micro-irrigation system. In the present investigation white onion variety Alibag local was tested under three irrigation levels namely I 1 (no deficit), I 2 (20% deficit) and I 3 (40 % deficit) on mini-sprinkler (M 1) and micro-sprinkler (M 2) irrigation methods, while the conventional check basin method was taken as control. The maximum average yield was attained in irrigation level I 1 as 39.82 t/ha, whiles the minimum average yield of 24.97 t/ha was recorded for irrigation level I 3. The maximum yield of 42.37 t/ha was recorded for treatment combination M 2 I 1 followed by treatment combinations M 1 I 1 (37.26 t/ha) and M 2 I 2 (36.03 t/ha). In control treatment the yield of 17.52 t/ha was recorded. The maximum water use efficiency 14.51 q/ha-cm was reported in treatment combination M 2 I 1 and the minimum water use was found 10.98 q/ha-cm in treatment combination M 1 I 3. The fertilizer use efficiency followed the same trend. The maximum fertilizer use efficiency 176.12 was recorded in treatment combination M 2 I 1 and minimum 99.54 was obtained in treatment combination M 1 I 3. In control fertilizer use efficiency was 73.01, which was lowest amongst all treatments.
Seed treatment with T. harzianum @ 5 g kg -1 seed followed by root dipping in T. harzianum solution plus application of Neem cake @ 50 g hill -1 at transplanting recorded the lowest mean per cent disease incidence (3.69) and the maximum average yield for 2 years was 34.54 q ha -1 . Seed treatment with thiram @ 3 g kg -1 of seed plus seedling root dipping in solution of T. harzianum at transplanting plus application of neem cake @ 50 g hill -1 at transplanting was at par at 15 DAT, 30 DAT and 60 DAT respectively.
The design, development of grey water system was done by using locally available filtration and adsorbent media and its performance was evaluated. The media size and depth decided by experiment were sand (0.42 mm), grit (6-8 mm), gravel (15-25 mm), brick pieces (25-30 mm) and charcoal (12-16 mm) (Zainudin and Abundi, 2011) having layer thickness of 450 mm, 450 mm, 150 mm, 300 mm and 30 mm, respectively. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) of designed filter was 1.33 hours at hydraulic loading rate of (HLR) of 3.77 m day-1. The filtration area of one square meter would have capacity of 3770 lit.day-1. At steady state head of 1.5 m, the overall performance of the combined system was 82.70 per cent BOD removal, 85.10 per cent COD removal, 78.78 per cent oil and grease removal, 69.23 per cent residual sodium carbonate removal (RSC), 21.33 per cent reduction in sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and 31.19 per cent TDS removal, respectively, were noted. The pH of the entire system remained stable (7.32 ± 0.5) throughout the experiment. The calcium, bicarbonate, potassium, nitrogen, magnesium, sodium, were also reduced after filtration by 20, 44.82, 48.76, 5.55, 33.33, 31.42 per cent, respectively. Generally, the final effluent was found to be suitable for a range of uses such as toilet flushing, irrigation and fire protection.
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