From the reviewed literature, it is observed that scientist’s worked on the various substrate medias used for hydroponic system. They also studied about different combinations of the media and their effect on crop growth. The reviewed literature shows that scientists have studied different organic and inorganic media viz. cocopit, saw dust, rice husk vermiculite, perlite, hydroton, pumice, sand etc. It was also found that these media are not easily, cheaply and locally available for users. Beside this, few scientists studied about physical and chemical properties of media such as particle size, porosity, bulk density, wettability, water holding capacity (WHC), Air filled porosity (AFP), Electrical conductivity, pH of these media. The crop specific suitability of combinations of the different media mixtures were also tested and reported by many scientists. It was revealed from reviewed literature that salinity of media caused linear reduction in the water consumption. The size and shape of particle size distribution are useful for estimating the hydraulic properties of the media The substrate under long cultivation period causes increase of organic matter content and microorganism activity which leads to an increased competition for oxygen in the root environment. The optimal EC levels range from 1.5 to 4.0 dSm-1 according to crop and its sensitivity to different salinity levels. It was also observed that level of growing medium temperature close to that of the surrounding air seems more suitable. The ideal substrate should have a total porosity of over 85 percent. Particles of smaller-sized individual grains have a larger specific surface area.
:10' E and altitude of 250 m). The experiment was arranged in twelve treatment combinations with strip plot design as horizontal factor (main treatment) one continuous irrigation (P 1 ), two pulses (P 2 ), three pulses (P 3 ) and four pulses (P 4 ), while vertical factor (sub treatment) as irrigation levels viz., I 1 (0.80 ET C ), I 2 (1.0 ET C ) and I 3 (1.20 ET C ) treatments. It was revealed that the average seasonal water applied to white onion under pulse irrigation (drip) through different irrigation levels varied from 276.8 mm for I 1 (0.8 ET C ) to 429.0 mm for I 3 (1.2 ET C ) irrigation levels. Among the different treatment combination I 2 P 4 (irrigation level I 2 (1.0 ET C ) with four pulse treatment P 4 ) was found 38.52 t.ha -1 and significantly superior over I 1 P 1 (irrigation level I 1 (0.8 ET C ) with continuous irrigation P 1 ). The production cost of Rs. 4,47,366 and Rs. 4,42, , gross returns of Rs. 9,63,000 and Rs. 9,31,500 ha -1 , net returns of Rs. 5,15,634 and Rs. 4,88,538 ha -1 and B C ratio of 2.15 and 2.10, were observed for I 2 P 4 and I 3 P 4 treatment combinations, respectively. Average water use efficiency was found maximum for I 1 P 4 (11.93 q ha -1 cm -1 ) treatment combination followed by I 1 P 3 (11.33 q ha -1 cm -1 ) and I 2 P 4 (10.99 q ha -1 cm -1 ) treatment combinations, respectively.
Konkan is a coastal strip parallel to Sahyadri hill ranges, which rises from mean sea level to 300 meter height having annual rainfall range from 2300 mm to 4100 mm (Anonymous, 2013).Climate change is acting as a trigger for changing rainfall pattern and temperature which can have significant impacts on hydrological cycle and crop calendar of the region (Abrol et al., 2004). Mono-cropping with rice cultivation during kharif season is generally observed while the horticultural crops like mango, cashew and coconut are major crops of the region. In last few years' production, productivity and quality of mango is adversely affected due to change in different meteorological parameters in the region (Munj et al., 2017). The variability in rainfall and temperature of the Konkan region has been reported by various workers (Dixit et al., 2005;Yadav and Dixit, 2006;Talathi et al., 2008). However no work is reported on trends in the climatic parameters of this region. Hence, the presents study was undertaken to analyse the trends in annual and seasonal rainfall and temperaturein the Konkan region.The daily rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature data of twelve locations (Table 1) was collected from Department of Agronomy, Dr.Balasaheb Sawant Konkan KrishiVidyapeeth, Dapoli and Water Resource Department, Hydrological Project, Government of Maharashtra, Nasik. The daily data were converted in to seasonal (kharif from 23 rd to 41 st SWM, rabi from 42 nd to 8 th SWM and summer from 9 th to 22 nd SWM) and annual.Trend analysis was statistically examined in two phases i.e., initially the presence of a monotonic increasing or decreasing trend was tested using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test (Mann, 1945;Kendall, 1995). Then the rate of change was estimated with the help of Sen's slope test (Sen, 1968). The slope of the trend line indicates the rate and direction of change. The significance of results were tested at 90, 95 and 99 per cent confidence levels.
The experiment was conducted during year 2008-09 at Hi-Tech Project, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Ratnagiri under shed net condition to study the response of coloured capsicum for different irrigation and fertilizer levels in terms of growth and yield. The study concluded that the coloured capsicum showed positive response to the different irrigation and fertilizer levels under shed net house over open field condition. The alternate day irrigation and split application of WSF fertilizers with different levels through drip irrigation system responded well by coloured capsicum in terms of growth and yield. The higher levels of irrigation and fertilizer were also boost the yield of coloured capsicum under shed net house. The study suggested that treatment I 3 F 3 (1.0 PE, 120 % RD) gave maximum gross monetary returns (Rs. 239.50/m 2 ) and B:C ratio. (8.60).
The design, development of grey water system was done by using locally available filtration and adsorbent media and its performance was evaluated. The media size and depth decided by experiment were sand (0.42 mm), grit (6-8 mm), gravel (15-25 mm), brick pieces (25-30 mm) and charcoal (12-16 mm) (Zainudin and Abundi, 2011) having layer thickness of 450 mm, 450 mm, 150 mm, 300 mm and 30 mm, respectively. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) of designed filter was 1.33 hours at hydraulic loading rate of (HLR) of 3.77 m day-1. The filtration area of one square meter would have capacity of 3770 lit.day-1. At steady state head of 1.5 m, the overall performance of the combined system was 82.70 per cent BOD removal, 85.10 per cent COD removal, 78.78 per cent oil and grease removal, 69.23 per cent residual sodium carbonate removal (RSC), 21.33 per cent reduction in sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and 31.19 per cent TDS removal, respectively, were noted. The pH of the entire system remained stable (7.32 ± 0.5) throughout the experiment. The calcium, bicarbonate, potassium, nitrogen, magnesium, sodium, were also reduced after filtration by 20, 44.82, 48.76, 5.55, 33.33, 31.42 per cent, respectively. Generally, the final effluent was found to be suitable for a range of uses such as toilet flushing, irrigation and fire protection.
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