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A recently developed fast hyperspectral line-scan imaging system integrated with a commercial apple-sorting machine was evaluated for rapid detection of animal faeces matter on apples online. Golden Delicious apples obtained from a local orchard were artificially contaminated with thin smear of cow faeces. For the online trial, hyperspectral fluorescence images of 30 contiguous spectral channels from 400 to 700 nm were acquired from samples moving at a processing sorting-line speed of three apples per second. Based on fluorescence ratio as a multispectral image fusion method, a 100% detection rate (118 out of 118 faeces treated apples) with no false positives (0 out of 120 apples, 60 wholesome and 60 apples with defects acquired prior to the faeces treatment) were achieved.

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To assess the contribution of chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) to apparent reflectance (Ra) in the red/far-red, spectra were collected on a C 4 agricultural species (corn, Zea Mays L.) under conditions ranging from nitrogen deficiency to excess. A significant contribution of ChlF to Ra was observed, with on average 10-25% at 685nm and 2-6% at 740nm of Ra being due to ChlF. Higher ChlF was consistently measured from the abaxial leaf surface as compared to the adaxial. Using 350-665nm excitation, the study confirms the trends in three ChlF ratios established previously by active F technology, suggesting that the ChlF utility this technology has developed for monitoring vegetation physiological status is likely applicable also under natural solar illumination.

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