Biogenic origin of the significant proportion of coal bed methane has indicated the role of microbial communities in methanogenesis. By using cultivation-independent approach, we have analysed the archaeal and bacterial community present in the formation water of an Indian coal bed at 600-700 m depth to understand their role in methanogenesis. Presence of methanogens in the formation water was inferred by epifluorescence microscopy and PCR amplification of mcrA gene. Archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone library from the formation water metagenome was dominated by methanogens showing similarity to Methanobacterium, Methanothermobacter and Methanolinea whereas the clones of bacterial 16S rRNA gene library were closely related to Azonexus, Azospira, Dechloromonas and Thauera. Thus, microbial community of the formation water consisted of predominantly hydrogenotrophic methanogens and the proteobacteria capable of nitrogen fixation, nitrate reduction and polyaromatic compound degradation. Methanogenic potential of the microbial community present in the formation water was elucidated by the production of methane in the enrichment culture, which contained 16S rRNA gene sequences showing close relatedness to the genus Methanobacterium. Microcosm using formation water as medium as well as a source of inoculum and coal as carbon source produced significant amount of methane which increased considerably by the addition of nitrite. The dominance of Diaphorobacter sp. in nitrite amended microcosm indicated their important role in supporting methanogenesis in the coal bed. This is the first study indicating existence of methanogenic and bacterial community in an Indian coal bed that is capable of in situ biotransformation of coal into methane.
Severe wax deposition problem is encountered in down hole tubulars and at the face of producing zone in the well bore region and surface flow lines of most of the oil fields producing waxy crude. Paraffin in the crude begins to precipitate and deposit around well bore and tubulars as the pressures and temperatures decrease, frequently resulting into partial/complete blockage of crude passage and pose severe production problems. Traditional methods such as thermal, magnetic, mechanical scraping, and chemical treatment etc. are not only cumbersome, costly and hazardous but also provide temporary respite.
Use of microbes, a novel approach was conceived to find alternate effective solution. Institute of Reservoir Studies (IRS), ONGC, has developed two separate microbial systems for mitigating the vexed problem of paraffin deposition in oil wells and surface flow lines.
The microbial system for down hole tubulars comprises of paraffin degrading bacterial (PDB) consortium, nutrient supplements and growth enhancer. The bacterial consortium, is naturally occurring, micro-aerophilic, thermophilic, capable of degrading paraffin up to 90°C. Paraffin degrading ability was maximum at 55°C which is the temperature around which most paraffins get deposited.
The candidate wells having severe wax deposition problem, were selected from different fields of Mehsana Asset of ONGC. Application of the technology has been done successfully on commercial scale in 45 wells (48 jobs) of Mehsana Asset. The microbial treatment not only checked the paraffin deposition in all the treated wells but also improved oil production by 20-80% in many wells. Most of the treated wells flowed without any wax deposition for 6-8 months after the treatment. Some of the wells even flowed for over a year giving average success ratio of around 70%. Net incremental oil gain from 48 jobs was around 4000 m3.
Bacterial consortium, named as FIB-19, showing 67% wax degradation at 37°C prevents wax deposition in surface flow lines. The bacterial consortium is micro aerophilic, mesophillic and remains active upto 43°C. Application in surface flow lines of ten wells of Mehsana Asset was quite successful resulting in elimination of requirement of line flushing for considerable time along with reduction of pressure in the flow line.
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