Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) andPrune dwarf virus (PDV) are the most common pathogens in stone crop orchards. These diseases are easily transmitted with pollen and hence rapidly spread in orchards leading to stunting of trees, their increased susceptibility to abiotic stress factors and, eventually, to significant yield losses. In Ukraine, only monitoring studies on the spread of these viruses were conducted until now. However, phylogenetic comparison of Ukrainian isolates was lacking. In this work, total RNA was isolated from plant samples tested positive for PNRSV and PDV by ELISA. The part of viral CP gene sequences were amplified and sequenced with their subsequent phylogenetic analysis. It was determined that PNRSV isolates from Ukraine analyzed in this study belong to different groups -PV-96 (MT828889) and PV-32 (MT892676) with a maximum identity level of 100 % with known isolates from NCBI GenBank. PDV isolates (MT828888 and MT828887) showed high identity with each other (99.6 %), and Slovakian isolate from sweet cherry was shown as the most related to them with identity of 95.3 %.
Aim. To propagate edible honeysuckle (Lonicera edulis Turcz) in in vitro conditions; to study the impact of sterilization agents on honeysuckle explants; to investigate the impact of the culture medium composition on the coeffi cient of propagation and rooting; to study the capability to adapt to in vivo conditions. Methods. Laboratory, mathematical, estimation and comparison. Results. The impact of sterilizing substances on obtain- ing the aseptic culture of edible honeysuckle in in vivo conditions was studied. The experiments were con- ducted on the following species: Alicia, Spokusa, Chaika, Nimfa, Doch Velikana, Karina. Lisoformin 3000 and mercury chloride were used as sterilizing agents. In the variant with Lisoformin 3000 it was studied in three exposures – 5, 7, and 10 minutes. In terms of explant regeneration effi ciency after sterilization with Lisofor- min 3000, three groups of edible honeysuckle species were isolated: 1 – with high regeneration capacity (94– 96 %) – Alicia, Karina and Spokusa; 2 – medium capacity (86–87 %) – Chaika and Doch Velikana, 3 – low capacity (80 %) – Nimfa. The experiments aimed at studying the impact of culture medium components on the propagation effi ciency determined the increase in the latter in case of rotating media with different quantitative and qualitative composition. Permanent application of uniform media leads to a sharp decrease in the prolif- eration coeffi cient in all the investigated species. Both hormone-free medium and the medium with growth regulators are effi cient for rooting. High indices of rooting were achieved in both variants. The use of auxins promoted the formation of a larger amount of plant roots (from 3.09 in Spokusa to 4.21 in Alicia) which in its turn impacted the survivability of plants in in vivo conditions. Conclusions. It was established that Lisoformin 3000 in the concentration of 3 % and at the exposure duration of 5 min ensured optimal effi ciency of steriliza- tion and regeneration of edible honeysuckle explants and did not decrease their propagation coeffi cients. With corresponding concentrations and sterilization duration, this preparation may be recommended for obtaining the aseptic culture of honeysuckle. It was demonstrated that the rotation of media, rich and poor in macro- and microsalts was effi cient for obtaining high indices of proliferation: the plants had a larger amount of tillering even in case of using not high concentrations of cytokinin. The introduction of rhizogenesis inducer, IBA, (1 mg/l) into the culture medium did not increase the percentage of rooted plants compared to hormone-free medium, but stimulated the formation of a larger amount of roots, which had further positive impact on the adaptation properties.
The main trends in scientific research on the protection of fruit plantations from spring frosts were analyzed based on the study of patent documentation of the countries of the world. China and the USA have the largest shares of patented developments by countries that have issued protection documents. The number of scientific studies on the mentioned problem and the patenting of their results increased significantly in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, confirming its relevance for world fruit growing. But in the 20s of the 21st century, the number of patents issued in the USA, Canada, Japan, Ukraine, as well as WIPO and EPO decreased significantly, while those issued in China increased several times. Among all methods of protecting orchards from frost, only 15 % were patented after 2010. For devices (protective shelters/screens, their designs), 48 % of protection documents were issued after 2010. After 2010, 42 % of patents were issued on devices for protecting plantations from frost, of which only 8 % are mobile. Among all means of protecting fruit plantations from frost, only 8 % were patented after 2010. Researchers have proposed different approaches to protecting plants from frost due to the wide variety of the distribution of the value of the temperature decrease indicator and their duration in most regions where fruit crops are grown. In recent decades, the improvement of previously developed methods and means, devices and devices for protecting fruit crops from frost, and their combination in various variants to improve protection, has been carried out. Systems for controlling weather conditions in plantations and controlling frost protection devices, both remote and automatic, were also created.
There are possibilities of using background values, concentration clark and coefficients of biogeochemical specialization of soils for the selection of agrochemical measures and evaluation of the quality of fruit crops are indicated. The research was conducted on five agro-landscapes of fruit crops in four fruit-growing zones of Ukraine and characterized the distribution in the soil of 12 micronutrients (Zn, Co, Cu, Mo, Mn, Sr, Pb, Cr, Ni, V, Ba, Ti). It is noted that the indicator of zonal features of agrolandscapes of fruit crops is the spatial differentiation the statistical estimates of landscape-geochemical parameters, among which medians of samples (Ме) allow for the most informative and concise assessment of them. It was established that the zonal differences in the background content of Mo, Zn, Cu, Co, Sr in the soils of the territories of fruit plantations fluctuate most significantly with variation from 3 to 8 times, while Mn, Pb, Cr, Ni, V, Ba, Ti do not exceed 2, 5 times. Values of concentration clark greater than 1.5 indicate the geochemical concentration of Pb in the soils of all fruit-growing areas of Ukraine, Cu - in the Polissia zone, Mo - in the Western Forest Steppe, Zn, Cu, Co - in the Western and Central Steppe, Cu, Mo, Sr, Zn - in the Southern Steppe . This determines the expediency of minimal use of appropriate microfertilizers in the specified territories, as well as the regional need for limited use of lead preparations. Biogeochemical imbalance of nutritional microelements is manifested in each zone of fruit growing. It is characterized by an excess of Cu and a lack of Co, Mo in Polissia, an excess of Zn, Mo in the Western Forest Steppe, an excess of Zn, Cu in the Western and Central Steppe, an excess of Zn, Cu, Sr in the Southern Steppe. This indicates the possibility of widespread development of non-infectious phytopathologies, both an excess and a lack of nutrient microelements in fruit growing products in most territories of Ukraine.
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