An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of phytase supplementation on the growth performance, nutrients utilization and bone mineralization in broiler chickens. Day-old broiler chicks (n=480) were equally devided into eight treatment groups and fed maize or wheat based isocaloric, isonitrogenous and isocalcium diets having two non phytate phosphorus (NPP) concentrations (0.50% and 0.30%) and two phytase levels (0 and 500 phytase units/kg diet) in a 42 days growth trial. Maize based dietary treatments were MC (NPP 0.50%, MN (NPP 0.30%), MNP (MN+500 units of phytase) and MCP (MC+500 units of phytase), whereas wheat based experimental diets were WC (NPP 0.50%), WN (NPP 0.30%), WNP (WN+500 units of phytase) and WCP (WC+500 units of phytase). The NPP levels were maintained by dicalcium phosphate. Reduction in dietary NPP depressed live weight gain and feed intake and increased feed conversion ratio (FCR). Phytase supplementation to low NPP (0.30%) diets significantly (p<0.05) improved the growth performances of broilers. The supplementation to low NPP diets allowed complete, safe and economic replacement of dietary inorganic P (dicalcium phosphate) to reduce feed cost per kg live weight gain of broilers. Reduction in dietary NPP did not affect retention of nutrients except phosphorus (P) but had a significant (p<0.05) depression in tibia ash and minerals (Ca, P) concentration in serum and tibia ash. Phytase supplementation at low NPP level was effective (p<0.05) in improving the retention of dry matter, Ca and P and Ca and P concentration in serum and tibia ash. However, the supplementation was not effective at high level of NPP (0.50%). There were no significant (p>0.05) differences in carcass quality among dietary treatments. The response of phytase was greater in low NPP and maize based diets as compared with high NPP and wheat based diets, respectively. The results show that phytase supplementation to low NPP (0.30%) diets improved the growth performance, relative retention of nutrients (N, Ca and P) and minerals (Ca, P) status of blood and bone in broiler chickens, with a better efficacy in maize based diets.
The breeding data relating to Hariana herd spread over 18 years were analysed to estimate genetic, phenotypic and environmental changes in characters of economic importance which might have taken place during the several years of selective breeding practiced in the herd. The average genetic changes in a given character were estimated by four methods. The phenotypic trends observed for different economic traits were not significant. On changing the method of estimation, magnitude and direction of genetic trends changed. Comparison of estimates of genetic trends by different methods showed that adjustments for biases due to non-random allotment of dams with respect to their age and merit suggested by Powell and Freeman (1974) were useful for increasing the precision of the estimates. Hence, this method was found to be the best method for estimation of genetic trends. The estimate of genetic trends by this method were 4.03±6.21 days, 3.24±5.33 kg, 0.15±0.43 days, 0.09±0.59 days, 0.01±0.02 kg and 0.01±0.01 kg for age at first calving, first lactation milk yield, first lactation length, first calving interval, first lactation milk yield per day lactation length and first lactation milk yield per day of calving interval, respectively.
The present study was conducted for breed characterization and genetic diversity within and between Murrah, Bhadawari and Nili-Ravi breeds by RAPD-PCR. Genomic DNA was isolated from 20 unrelated animals of each breed. Out of 40 random primers of operon series OPU and OPV, only ten were found informative and were used further for amplification of genomic DNA. From the amplification profile of these primers values of band frequency, genetic distance, genetic similarity, band sharing frequency, average percentage difference and mean average percentage difference was calculated from ten random primers. A total of 188 bands were amplified between as in three breeds and out of these 112 were polymorphic (59.57%). In Murrah, Bhadawari and Nili-Ravi overall polymorphism of 65.51, 63.49 and 53.44 percent were observed respectively. Higher genetic similarities of 0.84, 0.77 and 0.70 in Murrah, Bhadawari and Nili-Ravi were observed respectively. Mean Average Percentage Difference (MAPD) values of 11.41, 13.62 and 18.53 were observed in Murrah, Bhadawari and Nili-Ravi. MAPD values of 69.0, 67.0 and 40.0 were observed between Bhadawari and Nili-Ravi, Bhadawari and Murrah and Murrah and Nili-Ravi respectively. These values indicated the higher genetic diversity between breeds. Therefore, RAPD-PCR plays an important tool in species identification, speciation and breed identification as well as phylogeny analysis.
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