Benign papilloma diagnosed at core biopsy is infrequently (3%) associated with malignancy; mammographic follow-up is reasonable. Because of the high association with malignancy (67%), diagnosis of atypical papilloma at core biopsy should prompt excision for definitive diagnosis.

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is an established procedure for the complications of portal hypertension. The largest body of evidence for its use has been supported for recurrent or refractory variceal bleeding and refractory ascites. Its use has also been advocated for acute variceal bleed, hepatic hydrothorax, and hepatorenal syndrome. With the replacement of bare metal stents with polytetrafluoroethylen (PTFE) covered stents, shunt patency has improved dramatically thus improving outcomes. Therefore, reassessment of its utility, management of its complications, and understanding of various TIPS techniques is important.

CT and MR angiography are noninvasive techniques that are well suited to follow patients after coarctation repair.