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ARF in South India differs in some important aspects when compared with data from other parts of the country. Significant trend changes were noted with time even within our center. Acute diarrheal disease was the most common cause of ARF. Leptospiral ARF was on the decline, and drugs, sepsis, and malaria were the emerging ARF causes. The incidence of surgical ARF was on the rise. Despite improvements in antenatal care, obstetric renal failure remained a significant cause of ARF. Hemodialysis became the preferred mode of renal replacement therapy.

Aim The rates of development of acute kidney injury (AKI) in COVID-19 have been variably reported from across the world. Prevalence and outcomes of AKI in hospitalised COVID-19 patients in India has not been studied well. Methods This was a retrospective observational study amongst adult hospitalised COVID-19 patients admitted at a tertiary care centre between May 1 and October 31, 2020. We estimated the prevalence of AKI and outcomes including mortality and acute kidney disease (AKD) at the time of discharge. Regression analysis was done to study the factors associated with mortality and AKD. Results Out of 2650 hospitalised patients with COVID-19, 190 (7.2%) patients developed AKI. Mean age of patients with AKI was 62.6 years, 81.6% were male. Comorbidities included diabetes mellitus in 72.1%, hypertension in 66.8%, heart disease in 30% and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in 22.6%. Most patients had stage 1 AKI (71.1%). Overall mortality in patients with AKI was 22.1%, 75% in those requiring dialysis and 74.5% in those requiring ICU. Amongst survivors without pre-existing CKD, 40.9% patients had acute kidney disease at the time of discharge. Higher age, stage 3 AKI and need for mechanical ventilation were associated with higher mortality. On multivariable regression, factors associated with AKD at discharge included pre-existing heart disease and severe albuminuria during hospitalisation. Conclusion In our study population, we found a low prevalence of AKI. Mortality was high in AKI patients requiring ICU care and dialysis. Amongst survivors, a significant percentage had AKD at the time of discharge.