Background: Birds' survey is the best method to understand different species distribution, abundance, and diversity. The present study aimed to survey wild birds, using point count method, in two habitat types (water canals and field crops) at two districts, Zagazig and Hehia, located at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Methods: Surveying birds was conducted using point count method, from a fixed raising position within a circle of 50 m radius for a specific period of time (10 min) at every point. It started early in the morning, from 6 am to 8 am, at four points in two habitat types, agriculture water canals habitat (AWCH) and field crops habitat (FCH), in (Zagazig and Hehia) at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Each point count was visited once every month from December 2016 to November 2017. Results: The total number of birds' species recorded in the two districts was 33, belonging to 24 Families and ten Orders. Twenty-five species were resident birds and eight species were migratory. The number of birds' species (resident and migratory) in AWCH was higher than those in FCH. Resident wild birds at AWCH had higher value of species diversity (Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index H′ = 2.63, Simpson Diversity Index D = 0.90, Evenness J′ = 0.82 and Species richness r = 25) than at FCH (H´= 2.56, D = 0.89, J′ = 0.83, and r = 22). In contrast, species diversity for migratory wild bird was lower in WCH (H′ = 1.66, D = 0.74, J′ = 0.80, and r = 8) than in FCH (H′ = 1.81, D = 0.78, J′ = 0.87, and r = 8). Conclusion: Birds species (resident and migratory) numbers and abundance were higher in AWCH according to the habitat suitability than in FCH.
The efficacy of Tukam® and VP Skud® compounds were tested as repellents against wild birds attacking wheat and cowpea fields in Sharkia Governorate. In the wheat crop experiment, the house sparrow Passer domesticus niloticus attacked the spikes with the highest percentage of damage (14.82%) in the control trial, during the 6 th week when spikes emergence. While damage percentages were 11.19, 9.22, 8.94 and 8.73% when applying Tukam® concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 ml/liter, respectively during the same period in the treatment trials. The highest protection percentage was obtained in the 4 th week with 15, 10, 5 and 2.5 ml/liter, respectively. The same trend was found with VP Skud®, since the highest percentages of damage were 10.07%, 9.16%, 8.08% and 6.20% in the 6 th week with the four concentrations 1, 2, 4 and 6 ml/liter, respectively. While the protection percentage were the highest during the 4 th week with concentrations of 6, 4, 2 and 1 ml/liter, respectively. In the cowpea experiment, pigeon (Cloumba sp.) attacked the pods and caused high percentage of damage reached 13.32 % in the 5 th week of the control trial. When spraying Tukam® at a concentration of 15.0 ml/liter, the damage was dropped considerably as compared with other concentrations or control after pollination. The decrease in damage was found to be 2.11, 3.88, 4.74 and 7.38%, after the 2 nd , 3 rd , 4 th and 5 th week, respectively. The highest protection percentage was recorded with the concentration of 15 ml/liter. The same trend was recorded with VP Skud®. It gave the lowest percentage of damage at the concentration of 6 ml/liter with values of 1.97, 3.21, 5.67 and 10.56%, during the 2 nd , 3 rd , 4 th and 5 th week after pollination, respectively. Protection percentage reached its maximum during the study period with the concentration of 6 ml/liter.
The crop losses due to birds are serious and costly problem for farmers. The hooded crow (Corvus corone Linnaeus, 1758) and house sparrow (Passer domesticus niloticus Nicoll and Bonhote, 1909) are major pests for many crops in Egypt. In current work bird damage was assessed on maize, snake cucumber at El-Ibrahemia district, while that on pea and guava was determined at Zagazig district, Sharkia Goverenorate during the growing season 2016. Regarding maize, the hooded crow feed on developing ears in corn fields following pollination and early in the grain filling period. The total number of inspected plants was 2800 and the highest losses (9.81%) were recorded in the 7 th week. While, the hooded crow attacks snake cucumber fruits causing damage with mean percentage 6.33%. But the pea is preferable vegetable crop to birds, which destroy the leaves, flower buds as well green seeds in pods and this damage may be reduced the yield. The average percentage of damage for pea was 4.41%. The highest percentage of damage was 7.50% which obtained during the 5 th week. Guava fruits were vulnerable to house sparrow, birds gnaw fruits. The losses by birds were estimated to be 4.79 and 4.64% in orchards nearby poultry farms and those nearby field crops, respectively.
Recently the land snails become one of key pests infesting field, vegetable, fruit and ornamental crops in Egypt, especially in northern Governorates of Delta region. The land snails were follow inspected attacking various crops causing which have great direct damage to all plant parts by chisels the epidermis and chewing soft of vegetative growth, flower, roots and tubers or indirect damage by left viscous liquids upon the plants, causing humans and farm animals refuse eating these plants ARTICLE INFO
Wormwood extract (Artemisia herba-alba) was evaluate as a repellent for the house sparrow, Passer domesticus under laboratory and field conditions. Fungal species belonging to P. domesticus feces and the antifungal activity of A. herba-alba extract against these fungi were also investigated. The results showed that the highest concentration (10%) has the highest repellent effect with wheat consumption mean of 0.16 g and 0.15 g compared to the control (plain wheat) after four days of the laboratory and field experiments. It is worthy to mention that the lowest concentration 2.5% exhibited a high repellent effect at the first day of experiment and subsequently lost its repellent ability. Among the pathogenic fungi in feces, Rhizopus stolonifer (the most predominant fungus 31.7%) followed by Fusarium subglutinans (23.8%), Paecilomyces variotii (12.4%), Cladosporium sphaerospermum (9.2%), Aspergillus flavus (7.3%), Aspergillus niger (6%) and Aspergillus versicolor (5%). Whereas Penicillium digitatum was the least isolated fungus with occurrence 4.6%. The susceptibility of these fungi to A. herba-alba extract increased by increasing the extract concentration. The highest concentration 10% showed the highest antifungal activity against A. versicolor with mean of inhibition zone 24.3 mm. However, the lowest concentration 2.5% of this extract did not show any antifungal effects against P. digitatum, R. stolonifer and A. niger. It is concluded that wormwood is a promising biologically safe bird repellent and effective antifungal agent against pathogenic fungi of bird feces. It is economical for use than synthetic pesticides that one expensive and relatively difficult to obtain.
Land snails are a destructive agricultural pest in economic crops, but the populations for that pest are highly influenced by temperature and humidity, therefore climatic changes affected their behavior, distribution and population dynamics, for these reasons researchers should follow up on the changes in their behavior, distribution, and population dynamics. In this study, a survey study was conducted to define land snail species existing at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, from January 2019 to March 2022 in horticultural, vegetable, and field crops and study the population dynamics for the dominant land snail species. Results showed that there are six species of land snails, these species were, Monacha cartusiana, Succinea putris, Eobania vermiculata, Theba pisana, Helicella vestalis, and Cochlicella acuta. The population dynamics of two prevalent land snail species (M. cartusiana and S. putris), were conducted during two successive growing seasons, the Egyptian clover harbored the highest number of M. cartusiana followed by wheat, while the onion was the lowest one during the study period. In the same trends, the land snail S. putris recorded the highest numbers during the growing season of the Egyptian clover crop. Finally, it is concluded that the land snail M. cartusiana considered the first grade of infestation existed everywhere at Sharkia Governorate, and the population density of the land snail is increase gradually after winter till reach the maximum density in spring.
his paper present information on the population density, depredation and control of hooded crow (Corvus corone) in sheep farm at Ras-sedr, South Sinai, Egypt. The population of hooded crow increased through spring and summer seasons with a peak during June with mean 29.5 individuals, while the lowest recorded during January with 9.5 individuals, where's the winter season. The hooded crow attack sheep farms during the whole year, with increasing in attack against lambs than big animals, the highest percentage of damage recorded during June with 4.76 & 23.29 % in both lambs and big animals respectively. Mechanical and chemical studies are doing to reduce population of crow. Mechanical control represented with fine net is not effective method to catch hooded crow, but chemical control using three pesticides (Methomyl, Zinc phosphide and super caid) gave more effect on crows in the studied area, with highest value during April reducing population by 46.8, 53.1 and 73.3 % respectively.
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