The dopaminergic mesolimbic system is considered to be crucial in rewarding actions of opiates. Recent studies have suggested probable interaction between the renin-angiotensin and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of Ang II and captopril injection into VTA on morphine self-administration. Male Wistar rats were initially trained to receive small pellets of food by pressing the active lever in self-administration apparatus. The animals were divided into 4 groups (saline, morphine, captopril and Ang II) and were placed in self-administration apparatus and allowed to self-administer morphine (0.5 mg per infusion all test groups) or saline (saline group) during consecutive days, for 2 h/sessions. Captopril (30 mug) and Ang II (0.25 nmol) were injected into the VTA in the corresponding groups before each session. The numbers of active and passive levers pressed in each group have been recorded. The number of active lever pressing of morphine group was significantly higher than saline group (p < 0.001). In Ang II group, the number of active lever pressing was significantly lower than morphine group (p < 0.01). This study suggests the probable interaction between Ang II and opioid system in the VTA.
As an indicator that carries oxygen through the circulatory system, oxygen pulse has recently been considered in clinical and exercise studies. There is no a lot of information about performance of the cardiovascular evaluator index. This study aims to compare trends of oxygen pulse (VO² / RH) during maximal exercise after moderate and severe warming in women basketball players. For this purpose, there were purposely selected seven women basketball players among players of basketball teams in League 1 of Tehran with average age of 21±1.52 years old, mean height of 166.8±3.72 cm, weighing average of 60.85±5.76 kg, body mass index of 21.71±1.72 kg/m 2 and peak VO 2 of 44.1±3.40 mL/kg/min with average of 6 years' experience in basketball. After seven minutes of stretching exercises, each subject performed two warm up protocols before maximum exercise on two different days with 72 hours pause. The indicators of oxygen volume and oxygen pulse were measured using the device of breath-to-breath analysis. The research results showed that oxygen pulse during maximum exercise after intense warming has higher significant average than mean warming in times 0, 3 and 6. Accordingly, coaches should note that athletes should choose one of warm-up levels based on their physical fitness.
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