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The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Raw Materials (Precursor Fibers) 3. Production 3.1. Carbon Fiber Production Process (Rayon‐Based) 3.2. Carbon Fiber Production Process (Pitch‐Based) 3.3. Carbon Fiber Production Process (PAN‐Based) 3.3.1. Polyacrylonitrile Polymer and Fiber 3.3.2. Stabilization of PAN Fiber 3.3.3. Carbonization of PAN‐Ox 3.3.4. Graphitization of PAN‐based Carbon Fibers 3.4. Chemical Composition 4. Properties 4.1. Mechanical Properties 4.2. Structure 4.3. Physical and Chemical Properties 5. Uses 5.1. Stabilized Fiber for Textile Applications 5.2. Carbonized Fibers for Electrical Conductivity and Reinforcement Applications 6. Economic Aspects

Summary A newborn Thoroughbred foal was presented to the clinic with ambiguous neurological deficits, spinal anomalies and a soft tissue swelling dorsal to the lumbar vertebral column. The foal was alert but unable to rise and stand. With radiography, ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) a lumbar dysraphic anomaly, cerebellar herniation and coincidental skeletal abnormalities were documented. Finally, a meningomyelocele was defined and, in context with the cerebellar herniation through the foramen magnum, the foal was diagnosed to have a Chiari malformation. The MRI examination corresponded best with the post mortem findings. Although 3‐dimensional imaging methods have been considered superior regarding full and detailed assessment of the congenital malformation, radiography and ultrasonography also provide essential information to diagnose dysraphic lesions at reduced costs and efforts. A Chiari malformation should be considered as a differential diagnosis in foals with neurological deficits.

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The article contains sections titled: 1. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers 1.1. Raw Materials 1.2. Manufacturing Technologies 1.3. Design and Simulation 1.4. Mechanical Properties 1.5. Applications 1.6. Economic Aspects 2. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Carbon 2.1. Introduction 2.1.1. History 2.1.2. Definition, Nomenclature 2.2. Raw Materials 2.2.1. Carbon Fibers and Textile Fiber Precursors 2.2.2. Matrix Resins 2.2.3. Additives 2.2.4. Pitch 2.2.5. Pyrocarbon 2.3. Manufacturing Processes 2.3.1. Pressing, Manual Layup 2.3.2. Winding 2.3.3. Autoclave Technology 2.3.4. Joining 2.3.5. Densification 2.3.5.1. Liquid Impregnation 2.3.5.2. Gas Phase Deposition (CVI, CVD) 2.3.6. Graphitization 2.4. Structure and Properties 2.4.1. Fiber–Matrix Binding, Structure, Crack Structure 2.4.2. Material Properties 2.4.2.1. Mechanical Properties 2.4.2.2. Thermophysical Properties 2.4.2.3. Tribological Properties 2.4.3. Chemical Properties 2.4.3.1. Chemical Corrosion 2.4.3.2. Oxidation and Oxidation Protection 2.5. Component Design and Numerical Methods 2.5.1. Problems Specific to CFC 2.5.2. Characteristic Material Parameters 2.5.3. Design Procedure 2.5.4. Experimental Studies and Component Tests 2.6. Applications 2.7. Outlook 3. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Ceramics 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Manufacture 3.2.1. Chemical Vapor Infiltration (CVI) 3.2.2. Liquid Polymer Infiltration (LPI) 3.2.3. Liquid Silicon Infiltration (LSI) 3.3. Properties 3.4. Applications 3.4.1. Space Applications 3.4.2. Aeronautics 3.4.3. Friction Systems 3.4.4. Low‐Expansion Structures 3.4.5. Lightweight Armor 3.4.6. Other Applications