Despite being a complex many-body system, the atomic nucleus exhibits simple structures for certain ‘magic’ numbers of protons and neutrons. The calcium chain in particular is both unique and puzzling: evidence of doubly magic features are known in ^40,48Ca, and recently suggested in two radioactive isotopes, ^52,54Ca. Although many properties of experimentally known calcium isotopes have been successfully described by nuclear theory, it is still a challenge to predict the evolution of their charge radii. Here we present the first measurements of the charge radii of ^49,51,52Ca, obtained from laser spectroscopy experiments at ISOLDE, CERN. The experimental results are complemented by state-of-the-art theoretical calculations. The large and unexpected increase of the size of the neutron-rich calcium isotopes beyond N = 28 challenges the doubly magic nature of 52Ca and opens new intriguing questions on the evolution of nuclear sizes away from stability, which are of importance for our understanding of neutron-rich atomic nuclei

Electrons bound in highly charged heavy ions such as hydrogen-like bismuth 209Bi82+ experience electromagnetic fields that are a million times stronger than in light atoms. Measuring the wavelength of light emitted and absorbed by these ions is therefore a sensitive testing ground for quantum electrodynamical (QED) effects and especially the electron–nucleus interaction under such extreme conditions. However, insufficient knowledge of the nuclear structure has prevented a rigorous test of strong-field QED. Here we present a measurement of the so-called specific difference between the hyperfine splittings in hydrogen-like and lithium-like bismuth 209Bi82+,80+ with a precision that is improved by more than an order of magnitude. Even though this quantity is believed to be largely insensitive to nuclear structure and therefore the most decisive test of QED in the strong magnetic field regime, we find a 7-σ discrepancy compared with the theoretical prediction.

The neutron-rich isotopes of cadmium up to the N ¼ 82 shell closure have been investigated by highresolution laser spectroscopy. Deep-uv excitation at 214.5 nm and radioactive-beam bunching provided the required experimental sensitivity. Long-lived isomers are observed in 127 Cd and 129 Cd for the first time. One essential feature of the spherical shell model is unambiguously confirmed by a linear increase of the 11=2 À quadrupole moments. Remarkably, this mechanism is found to act well beyond the h 11=2 shell. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.192501 PACS numbers: 21.10.Ky, 21.60.Cs, 31.15.aj, 32.10.Fn When first proposed, the nuclear shell model was largely justified on the basis of magnetic-dipole properties of nuclei [1]. The electric quadrupole moment could have provided an even more stringent test of the model, as it has a very characteristic linear behavior with respect to the number of valence nucleons [2,3]. However, the scarcity of experimental quadrupole moments at the time did not permit such studies. Nowadays, regardless of experimental challenges, the main difficulty is to predict which nuclei are likely to display this linear signature. The isotopes of cadmium, investigated here, proved to be the most revealing case so far. Furthermore, being in the neighborhood of the ''magic'' tin, cadmium is of general interest for at least two additional reasons. First, theory relies on nuclei near closed shells for predicting other, more complex systems. Second, our understanding of stellar nucleosynthesis strongly depends on the current knowledge of nuclear properties in the vicinity of the doubly magic tin isotopes [4]. Moreover, specific questions concerning the nuclear structure of the cadmium isotopes require critical evaluation, such as shell quenching [5,6], sphericity [7], deformation [8,9], or whether vibrational nuclei exist at all [10]. Some of these points will be addressed here quite transparently, while others require dedicated theoretical work to corroborate our conclusions. In this Letter we report advanced measurements by collinear laser spectroscopy on the very neutron-rich cadmium isotopes. Electromagnetic moments in these complex nuclei are found to behave in an extremely predictable manner. Yet, their description goes beyond conventional interpretation of the nuclear shell model.The measurements were carried out with the collinear laser spectroscopy setup at ISOLDE-CERN. High-energy protons impinging on a tungsten rod produced low-to medium-energy neutrons inducing fission in a uranium carbide target. Proton-rich spallation products, such as cesium, were largely suppressed in this manner. Further reduction of surface-ionized isobaric contamination was achieved by the use of a quartz transfer line [11], which allowed the more volatile cadmium to diffuse out of the target while impurities were retained sufficiently long to decay. Cadmium atoms were laser ionized, accelerated to an energy of 30 keV, and mass separated. The ion beam was injected into a gas-filled radio-frequency Paul trap [12]...

The nuclear charge radius of (12)Be was precisely determined using the technique of collinear laser spectroscopy on the 2s(1/2)→2p(1/2,3/2) transition in the Be(+) ion. The mean square charge radius increases from (10)Be to (12)Be by δ(10,12)=0.69(5) fm(2) compared to δ(10,11)=0.49(5) fm(2) for the one-neutron halo isotope ^{11}Be. Calculations in the fermionic molecular dynamics approach show a strong sensitivity of the charge radius to the structure of ^{12}Be. The experimental charge radius is consistent with a breakdown of the N=8 shell closure.

Differences in mean-square nuclear charge radii of ^{100-130}Cd are extracted from high-resolution collinear laser spectroscopy of the 5s ^{2}S_{1/2}→5p ^{2}P_{3/2} transition of the ion and from the 5s5p ^{3}P_{2}→5s6s ^{3}S_{1} transition in atomic Cd. The radii show a smooth parabolic behavior on top of a linear trend and a regular odd-even staggering across the almost complete sdgh shell. They serve as a first test for a recently established new Fayans functional and show a remarkably good agreement in the trend as well as in the total nuclear charge radius.

We performed a laser spectroscopic determination of the 2s hyperfine splitting (HFS) of Li-like 209 Bi 80+ and repeated the measurement of the 1s HFS of H-like 209 Bi 82+ . Both ion species were subsequently stored in the Experimental Storage Ring at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung Darmstadt and cooled with an electron cooler at a velocity of ≈ 0.71 c. Pulsed laser excitation of the M 1 hyperfine-transition was performed in anticollinear and collinear geometry for Bi 82+ and Bi 80+ , respectively, and observed by fluorescence detection. We obtain ∆E (1s) = 5086.3(11) meV for Bi 82+ , different from the literature value, and ∆E (2s) = 797.50(18) meV for Bi 80+ . These values provide experimental evidence that a specific difference between the two splitting energies can be used to test QED calculations in the strongest static magnetic fields available in the laboratory independent of nuclear structure effects. The experimental result is in excellent agreement with the theoretical prediction and confirms the sum of the Dirac term and the relativistic interelectronic-interaction correction at a level of 0.5% confirming the importance of accounting for the Breit interaction.Quantum electrodynamics (QED) is generally considered to be the best-tested theory in physics. In recent years a number of extremely precise experimental tests have been achieved on free particles as well as on bound states in light atomic systems. For free particles, the g-factor of the electron measured with ppb-accuracy [1] constitutes the most precise test, sensitive to the highest order in α [2]. In atomic systems the QED deals with the particles bound by the Coulomb field, what makes high-precision QED calculations more complicated. The bound-state QED (BS-QED) effects in light atomic systems are expanded in parameters Zα and m e /M in addition to α, where Z is the atomic number and m e and M are the electron and nuclear masses, respectively. The parameter Zα characterizes the binding strength in the Coulomb field of the nucleus, while the mass ratio m e /M is introduced for the nuclear recoil effects. Hence, tests of BS-QED are complementary to QED tests of the properties of free particles. The investigation of H-like systems with increasing charge provides the opportunity to systematically increase the influence of the binding effect.One of the most accurate test of BS-QED on low-Z ions is the measurement of the g-factor of a single electron bound to a Si nucleus [3]. Entering the regime of highly charged heavy ions like Pb 81+ , Bi 82+ or U 91+ the electron binding energy becomes comparable to the rest-mass energy and the parameter Zα can not be employed as an expansion parameter anymore. In other words, the extremely strong electric and magnetic fields in the close surrounding of the heavy nucleus require the inclusion of the binding corrections in all orders of Zα. Hence, BS-QED in this regime requires a very different approach and new tools to calculate the corresponding corrections, usually referred to as strong-fi...

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We report an improved measurement of the hyperfine splitting in hydrogen-like bismuth (209Bi82+) at the experimental storage ring ESR at GSI by laser spectroscopy on a coasting beam. Accuracy was improved by about an order of magnitude compared to the first observation in 1994. The most important improvement is an in situ high voltage measurement at the electron cooler (EC) platform with an accuracy at the 10 ppm level. Furthermore, the space charge effect of the EC current on the ion velocity was determined with two independent techniques that provided consistent results. The result of nm provides an important reference value for experiments testing bound-state quantum electrodynamics in the strong magnetic field regime by evaluating the specific difference between the splittings in the hydrogen-like and lithium-like ions.