Plant derived pharmacologically active compounds have gained importance in food and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of the present study is to identify and study the antioxidant, antimicrobial properties of the phytochemicals present in the crude extract of Eugenia caryophyllus flower buds. The antioxidant activity of the methanol, acetone and chloroform extract was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The methanol extract showed better radical scavenging activity than other selected solvents. Preliminary screening of phytochemicals was carried out in methanol extract and total phenol content was found high. Antibacterial activity was determined by well diffusion assay and methanol extract was found effective against Klebsiella pneumonia. FTIR and GC-MS results indicate the presence of aromatic compounds and major constituents were found to be eugenol and eugenyl acetate. Results of this study implied that Eugenia caryophyllus flower bud extract could be considered as health nutriments in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Summary In this study, sewage was simultaneously treated and used to produce electricity using a two‐chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) with carbon cloth electrodes having platinum coating on the cathode. Porous carbon electrodes are found to be the more suitable for MFCs as the power generation value is high when compared with nonporous surfaces and has a significant impact on the development of stable biofilms on the anode. Wastewater having an initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 830 ± 20 mg/L had a removal efficiency from the MFC of around 78%. The initial pH of sewage in the range of 7.69 ± 0.2 saw a shift towards neutral (around 7.4) and biochemical oxygen demand ranging from 300 ± 20 mg/L in the system decreased up to 175 ± 15 mg/L. The cell open circuit voltage peaked at 800 mV. Current and power density was calculated using an external resistance (of 250 Ω) followed by normalizing to the anode surface area. This bioelectricity generation is attributed to the decomposition of the organic matter and is reported to peak at 0.54 mA/m2 and 204 ± 0.38 mW/m2, respectively. Power generation has faster COD removal rates with external resistors compared with open circuit analysis, and MFCs can be effective to support the wastewater treatment infrastructure while at the same time generate electrical power as a value added product.

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Microbial fuel‐cell performance depends primarily on five factors: the nature of the electrodes, pH, concentration, temperature, and period of operation. The present work describes work on optimization that has resulted in improved system performance of processes for energy recovery from wastewater by addressing these five parameters. This optimization is related to Monod kinetics, which forms the basis for microbial growth and substrate depletion rate. A difference in energy recovery from wastewater sources has been reported for studies with pure microbial culture and with undefined mixed microbes. Energy utilization research with microbial reactors has grown significantly with varying electrogenic reactor configurations, reductions in material costs, and a global need for power with reduced net CO2 emissions. The potential for future developments of these electrogenic reactor systems is also discussed, including how these systems can be integrated with existing wastewater treatment sources such as anaerobic digesters, and the positive impact they can have on energy security, which is linked with economic stability. Treatment of industrial and domestic wastewater using the microbial reserves can contribute significantly to advancing wastewater treatment infrastructure through effective COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) removal, and in the process generate value‐added product in the form of bioelectricity. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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