Relevance: Male breast cancer (BC) has always been behind female BC in detection, treatment, and surveillance. Lower BC frequency in men limits the usefulness of screening. However, BC incidence in men is growing. This paper demonstrates the results of surgical treatment and typical changes in clinical and morphological manifestations of male breast cancer under chemotherapy and surgery. Methods: The article describes a clinical case of a male patient diagnosed with “Cancer in the right breast St III (T4NxM0), edematousinfiltrative form with an intraductal component, upper outer localization. Immunohistochemically luminal subtype B without Her2neu expression”; the condition – after six neoadjuvant chemotherapy courses. Results: Ultrasonography of the mammary glands conducted after six preoperative courses of chemotherapy showed a hypoechoic formation, centralized, with fuzzy, uneven contours, 52.5×48.2×46.1 mm in size, V=60.98 cm3 . Compared to March 2022 (the presence of a formation in the right breast craniolateral quadrant, with precise uneven contours, 9.0 cm in size, with infiltrating growth), the tumor formation decreased to US BI-RADS R6, L2. The multidisciplinary council prescribed surgery to the extent of radical mastectomy by Madden on the right and simple mastectomy on the left. The surgery was performed in August 2022. According to a postoperative histological conclusion, the therapeutic pathomorphism was index RCB-2.233, class RCB-II. Conclusion: This article shares the results of systemic and surgical treatment of a man with breast cancer. Considering the clinical picture and anamnesis, literature data, and the clinical protocol, the multidisciplinary group recommended radiation therapy with adjuvant endocrine therapy with tamoxifen for an initial period of five years.
Relevance: Male breast cancer (BC) has always been behind female BC in detection, treatment, and surveillance. Lower BC frequency in men limits the usefulness of screening. However, BC incidence in men is growing. This paper demonstrates the results of surgical treatment and typical changes in clinical and morphological manifestations of male breast cancer under chemotherapy and surgery. Methods: The article describes a clinical case of a male patient diagnosed with “Cancer in the right breast St III (T4NxM0), edematousinfiltrative form with an intraductal component, upper outer localization. Immunohistochemically luminal subtype B without Her2neu expression”; the condition – after six neoadjuvant chemotherapy courses. Results: Ultrasonography of the mammary glands conducted after six preoperative courses of chemotherapy showed a hypoechoic formation, centralized, with fuzzy, uneven contours, 52.5×48.2×46.1 mm in size, V=60.98 cm3 . Compared to March 2022 (the presence of a formation in the right breast craniolateral quadrant, with precise uneven contours, 9.0 cm in size, with infiltrating growth), the tumor formation decreased to US BI-RADS R6, L2. The multidisciplinary council prescribed surgery to the extent of radical mastectomy by Madden on the right and simple mastectomy on the left. The surgery was performed in August 2022. According to a postoperative histological conclusion, the therapeutic pathomorphism was index RCB-2.233, class RCB-II. Conclusion: This article shares the results of systemic and surgical treatment of a man with breast cancer. Considering the clinical picture and anamnesis, literature data, and the clinical protocol, the multidisciplinary group recommended radiation therapy with adjuvant endocrine therapy with tamoxifen for an initial period of five years.
Relevance: Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant neoplasms and ranks fifth in cancer incidence worldwide. The only curative approach to localized gastric cancer is radical surgery with or without prior chemotherapy. But chemotherapy is the main treatment method for metastatic or locally advanced gastric cancer. Later stages of gastric cancer are highly resistant to chemotherapy; therefore, there is a need for modern treatment approaches. Particular attention is paid to therapy for metastatic/locally advanced gastric cancer. The study aimed to describe the possibilities of using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) to treat metastatic or locally advanced gastric cancer. Methods: The data from modern literary sources of recent years were studied using specialized scientific search engines: Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science for the possibility of promising application of various immunotherapeutic approaches in treating metastatic or locally advanced gastric cancer. Results: The article describes modern methods of treatment of metastatic or locally advanced SC using ICIs, including PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, demonstrates the mechanisms of immunological surveillance, characteristics of PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, and their significance in suppressing the T-cell response. The effectiveness of using ICIs, particularly PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, has been established in the first and subsequent lines of therapy. Conclusion: ICIs are a recent finding in antitumor therapy. Frequent resistance of gastric cancer to chemotherapy urges the use of ICIs to treat advanced gastric cancer.
Relevance: Cancer during pregnancy is uncommon and found in 1/1000 pregnant women. An increasing number of women worldwide plan childbearing at 30 years when the risk of malignant diseases increases. During pregnancy, cancers inherent with the reproductive period in women are more likely. These cancers include breast cancer and cervix cancer. This article reviews the principles of treating pregnant women with these cancers. The study aimed to systematize relevant literature reviews for the past decade to efficiently choose diagnostic and treatment tactics for pregnant women with breast cancer and cervix cancer without harming the fetus and gravid. Methods: We analyzed the literature sources from different authors on the frequency of cancer of such localizations as breast cancer and cervical cancer associated with pregnancy in patients of reproductive age. When selecting literary sources, attention was paid to the history of the disease, complaints, features of diagnostic methods, and the choice of optimal treatment methods. The analysis was based on comparative data from the studied literary sources for the past ten years. Results: The value and the adequacy of different diagnostic methods of research that have no threat to gravid and fetus and are recommended for pregnant patients were established. Considering a patient’s condition, gestation, and stage of the disease, the best treatment options for those cancer types were identified. Possibilities were studied on preserving patients’ fertility after treatment of these cancers. Conclusion: Malignant tumors of the reproductive system alternating with pregnancy are statistically rare. However, medical oncologists have to solve the problem of the diagnosis and treatment of pregnant patients. The choice of the diagnostic methods and the type of treatment must be individual. Having appropriate examinations and the staging done, Multidisciplinary Tumor Board approves the patient management plan. Practitioners face the problematic issue of choosing optimal diagnostic and treatment measures, and this situation requires further investigations and methodological developments in pregnancy management complicated with oncological diseases
Relevance: Stomach cancer (SC) is one of the most common malignant neoplasms and ranks fifth in cancer incidence worldwide. The only curative approach to localized SC is radical surgery with or without prior chemotherapy. But chemotherapy is the main treatment method for metastatic or locally advanced SC. In the later stages of SC, there is high resistance to chemotherapy; therefore, there is a need to find modern treatment approaches. Particular attention is paid to therapy for metastatic/locally advanced SC. The study aimed to describe the possibilities of using immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) to treat metastatic or locally advanced SC. Methods: The data from modern literary sources of recent years were studied using specialized scientific search engines: Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science for the possibility of promising application of various immunotherapeutic approaches in treating metastatic or locally advanced SC. Results: The article describes modern methods of treatment of metastatic or locally advanced SC using CPIs, including PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, demonstrates the mechanisms of immunological surveillance, characteristics of PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4 and their significance in suppressing the T-cell response. The effectiveness of using CPIs, particularly PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, has been established in the first and subsequent lines of therapy. Conclusion: CPIs are a recent finding in antitumor therapy. Frequent resistance of SC to chemotherapy urges the use of CPIs to treat advanced SC
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