SummaryThe size of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus collected at different altitudes in the Eastern Province of Zambia between February 1985 and May 1986 and between October 1994 and December 1996 showed distinct variation dependent on altitude and season. The ticks were smallest during the dry season and at the start of the rains, and specimens were larger as the rainy season progressed. Second-generation adults where on average smaller than first-generation ticks. At higher altitudes, where a one-generation-per-annum phenology dominates, ticks were larger than at intermediate altitudes, where two generations per year are common. Larger size, associated with increased survival, is also favoured in low-lying, drier areas. Selective mortality of smaller adult ticks in years with a delayed rainy season appears to play an important role in the variation in size between years.
SummaryResults of a longitudinal study conducted in the eastern province of Zambia from 1994 to 1997 indicate that it is doubtful whether a state of endemic stability of East Coast fever (ECF) can be reached in the near future. Even in endemic areas, the mortality of Theileria parva infections is still estimated above 50%. The main factors limiting progress towards endemic stability are high innate susceptibility of the Zebu cattle, the virulence of the parasite and the climate. The unimodal rainfall pattern results in restricted activity of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus instars and year-to-year variation in rainfall causes fluctuations in tick phenology and T. parva transmission. Adult tick activity invariably peaks during the rains and is associated with the highest ECF incidence. Nymphal transmission of T. parva to cattle appears to be less important. Second periods of activity of both adult and nymphal instars are pronounced only when the climate is suitable. These second waves of tick activity ensure a more continuous and efficient transmission of T. parva and also play a key role in the dynamics of prolonged outbreaks in epidemic areas. ECF control methods may have an important influence on ECF epidemiology. Immunizations as well as chemotherapy of clinical cases create a reservoir of virulent parasites in susceptible cattle, resulting in artificial endemic stability.
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