Background:One of the affected aspects in infertile women that have not been given sufficient attention is sexual function. Sexual function is a key factor in physical and marital health, and sexual dysfunction could significantly lower the quality of life. Aim of this study was to assess the comparison sexual dysfunction in women with infertility and without infertility, admitted to Al- Zahra Hospital.Objective:We decided to assess the prevalence of women sexual disorders in fertile and infertile subjects, admitted to Al-Zahra Hospital.Materials and Methods:149 fertile and 147 infertile women who referred to infertility clinic of Al-Zahra Hospital during 2013-2014 were entered this cross-sectional study and Female Sexual Function Index questionnaire (FSFI) had been filled by all the cases. Most of women were married for 6-10 years (35.5%) and mean marriage time in participants was 9.55±6.07 years. Data were analyzed using SPSS software Ver. 18 and 2 test and logistic regression model has been used for analysis.Results:Results showed significant differences between desire (p=0.004), arousal (p=0.001), satisfaction (p=0.022) and total sexual dysfunction (p=0.011) in both groups but in lubrication (p=0.266), orgasm (p=0.61) and pain (p=0.793) difference were not significant.Conclusion:Some of sexual dysfunction indices are high in all infertile women. Our findings suggest that infertility impacts on women’s sexual function in desire, arousal, satisfaction and total sexual dysfunction. Health care professional should be sensitive to impact that diagnosis of infertility can have on women’s sexuality.

Background: Preeclampsia is associated with maternal and neonatal complications. It has been indicated that increased uric acid might have a predictive role on preeclampsia. Objective: We aimed to investigate the relationship between the level of uric acid with maternal and neonatal complications in women with preeclampsia. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 160 singleton preeclamptic women at more than 28 wk gestational age were included. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet count, liver and uric acid tests, and maternal and neonatal complications were assessed. The severity of preeclampsia, placental abruption, preterm labor, thrombocytopenia, elevated alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT and AST), HELLP syndrome, eclampsia and required hospitalization in the ICU was considered as the maternal complication. Fetal complications were: small for gestational age (SGA), intrauterine fetal death, hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit, and Apgar score <7 at five minutes. Results: Of our participants, 38 women had severe preeclampsia (23.8%). The mean level of uric acid in women with severe preeclampsia was significantly higher than non-severe preeclampsia (p=0.031), also in those with an abnormal liver test (p=0.009). The mean level of uric acid in women with preterm delivery was significantly higher than women with term delivery (p=0.0001). Also, the level of uric acid had no effect on neonatal hospitalization in neonate invasive care unit. Based on logistic regression, the incidence of severe preeclampsia not affected by decreased or increased serum levels of uric acid. Conclusion: With higher level of uric acid in server preeclampsia we can expected more complications such as hepatic dysfunction and preterm delivery. Thus serum uric acid measurement can be helpful marker for severe preeclampsia.

Background: Preeclampsia is a relatively common pregnancy disorder that originates in the placenta and causes variable maternal and fetal complications. Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate risk factors of preeclampsia based on severity. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study which was conducted on 448 participants (330 normal pregnant, 77mild and 91severe preeclamptic women). Inclusion Criteria were age 15 -44 years and 20 -24 weeks of gestation. The data collection form consisted of the kind of pregnancy (normal, mild or sever preeclampsia), BP, U/A, other library tests, demo graphic information, history of obstetrics and diseases. The data were analyzed by ANOVA, POST HOC test (tukey HSD), Chi-square and logistic regression using SPSS version 16. Results: Finding showed the mean age in the severe preeclampsia group and the mean BMI in mild and severe preeclamptic women were significantly higher than normal group. Also there was significant relationship between preeclampsia and age, BMI, RH, history of abortion, preeclampsia and chronic hypertension. Logistic regression analysis showed that respectively the negative RH and history of preeclampsia increased the risk of severe preeclampsia. Conclusions: Based on results, chronic hypertension, history of abortion and BMI had been indicated as risk factors of mild preeclampsia and history of preeclampsia had been obtained as the risk factors of severe type. Also, negative RH was the common risk factor for mild and severe types. Therefore, our result support different risk factors for subtypes of preeclampsia.

IntroductionVitamin D is one of the most important and necessary vitamins for body. It has physiological role in metabolism and structure of body (1,2). It plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, muscle function, heart, metabolism system and adaptive immune responses (3,4). The vitamin D metabolic procedure involves multiple enzymatic reactions. The most important role of vitamin D is in metabolism process through the liver to form 25(OH)D. 25(OH)D is metabolized in the kidneys by 25-hydroxy vitamin D-1 alpha hydroxylase (CY-P27B1) and changed into its active form, 1,25-(OH) 2 D (5). In addition,vitamin D during pregnancy not only has important physiological role in metabolism and structure of body but also affects the bones, teeth and growing fetal brain (6). Moreover, it modulates human reproductive processes (7). The function of vitamin D during pregnancy for both mother and fetus remains largely undefined (8,9). Nutrition during pregnancy is the most important and controllable factor which can protect women against the induction and progress of different diseases. Studies show that foliate, folic acid, calcium, vitamin D, iron and other supplements are important during pregnancy. Sufficient levels of vitamin D in mother's body during pregnancy can decrease diabetes type I, asthma, bone problems, systematic auto immune diseases and other maternal and fetal morbidities (10-15). Additionally, the impact of less severe vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency has received much interest in recent years (16,17). There is evidence of early interest in relationship between vitamin D status and prenatal health outcomes (18). Maternal vitamin D status influences bone health in the baby (19). Studies have demonstrated associations between low levels of serum 25(OH)-vitamin D during pregnancy and maternal and fetal health outcomes (20). Vitamin D can prevent transfer of infection which is as an important factor in outcome of pregnancy as an early delivery. Vitamin D, acts as a key influencing factor during pregnancy. Study showed 25(OH)-vitamin D can suppress a broad range of cytokines and inhibit inflammatory process in placenta (21). Also studies showed a positive association between in deficiency of vitamin D with increasing preeclampsia (22,23) and diabetes (12,24). Studies in Iran reported that vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women is 60%-86% (20-25). Vitamin D deficiency is common in whole world but there is difference in different countries. AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to check the vitamin D level in pregnant women in north of Iran (Rasht city) from spring 2013 till summer 2014. Materials and Methods: In a retrospective cross-sectional study, all pregnant women with any gestational age without receiving vitamin D supplement before 3 months of pregnancy from two private offices of gynecologists in Rasht were studied from spring 2013 till summer 2014. All data were collected, recorded and blood sampling was done to measure serum 25 (OH) vitamins D. Vitamin D de...

Background: Herbal medicine could be effective at treating various illnesses. Hysteroscopy can be an effective method for assessing the uterus in terms of anatomical, physiological and pathological anomalies. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effect of evening primrose oil (EPO) on cervical preparation in women candidates for hysteroscopy. Materials and Methods: This study was a double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial including 160 women candidates for diagnostic hysteroscopy who were referred to Alzahra hospital from August 2019-March 2020. They were divided into 2 groups. Group A received 100 mg EPO as a soft gel capsule 6 hr before the hysterectomy in the posterior vaginal fornix. Group B received a placebo. After receiving the treatment, primary and secondary outcomes were evaluated in the groups. Results: The average Hegar size in the EPO group was larger than in the control group (p < 0.001 for both). Also, the need for mechanical dilation, the time taken until the first resistance and the time of dilatation completion in the EPO group were significantly less than in the placebo group (p < 0.008 for all). There was also greater ease of dilatation in the EPO group. Side effects such as uterine rupture, false passage, cervical rupture, allergic reaction, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, headache and increase of bowel movements were not reported in any cases. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, EPO is effective for cervical preparation in women undergoing hysteroscopy. Key words: Hysteroscopy, Dilatation, EPOGAM, Gamma-linolenic acid.