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Background:Patients with cancer often delay seeking medical advice in developing countries. It can adversely influence the outcome of disease.Objectives:The present study was performed to determine the stage at diagnosis and delay in seeking medical care among women with breast cancer in Delhi, India.Patients and Methods:This was a cross-sectional study based on a census (case series) approach to reach all women (172) diagnosed with primary breast cancer “detected in surgery Out Patient Department (OPD) from January 2007 to December 2009” at Lok Nayak Hospital, Delhi, India. Patients were interviewed using a self-structure questionnaire. Seeking behavior variables were awareness of problem, first consultation, followed physician's advice, detection of problem, system of medicine and gap between knowing the problem and consultation (patient delay). Statistical Analysis was performed using the Microsoft SPSS-pc version 14.0 statistical program. The analytic methods were used (mean, standard deviation, X2, Fisher's Exact Test, K-S, Kruskal-Wallis) for variables. All statistical tests were performed at a significance level of 5% (P < 0.05).Results:the mean age of women was 46.99 years. 38.4% of women were ≤ 40 years. 61% of women were in stage IV of cancer at the time of diagnosis. The mean duration of gap between knowing the problem and consulting a physician (patients delay) was 10.90 months. There was no significant association between stage of cancer and consultation gap. A significant association was found between the stage of breast cancer and income; women with lower income had a higher stage of breast cancer (P < 005).Conclusions:A significant association was found between ages of women with their delays in consultation. Delay is still prevalent amongst women with breast cancer. It seems necessary to design educating programs for women in both clinical and community settings, about breast cancer and early detection practices.

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Based on the results of this study, despite the fact that the majority of men over age 40 had experienced symptoms of andropause, but their awareness about andropause was very low.

Introduction: Promoting and maintaining breastfeeding is an important part of the healthcare, nutrition and other social measures required to promote proper growth and development of infants, and a major component of primary healthcare. Several factors affect onset and duration of breastfeeding. Self-efficacy is one of those factors that can be modified, but has been less studied. Objective: The present study aimed to determine some risk factors associated with breastfeeding self-efficacy of mothers within 6 weeks of delivery. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study recruited 767 mothers presenting to Family Health and Research Center in Rasht in 2013, using consecutive sampling (for 6 months). Data was collected using demographic questionnaires and Dennis Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSEF).Data was collected in two phases: on the 3 rd -5 th days and the 6 th week after delivery. The minimum and maximum breastfeeding self-efficacy scores in BSEF are 14 and 70, respectively. If a subject's score is above average, she has high breastfeeding self-efficacy and vice versa. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (chi-square test, Mann-Whitney test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regressions) were used to analyze the data. The confidence interval of 95% and a significance level of P<0.05 were considered. Results: The results showed that the mean and standard deviation of breastfeeding selfefficacy score were 57.64±9.94 and 62.66±7.57, respectively on the 3 rd -5 th days and the 6

The most men experienced the symptoms of hypogonadism and the majority of the symptoms were related to psychological domain. The symptoms of hypogonadism are considered to some factors like BMI and occupation too.

IntroductionThe ideal nourishment for the first 12 months of a child’s life comes from breastfeeding its mother’s milk, and maternal self-efficacy is one factor which affects breastfeeding duration. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy during the first week and sixth-week postpartum.MethodsThis descriptive, analytical study was conducted on 767 women referring to the Family Health Research Center of Rasht in 2014. Mothers were selected through continuous sampling. For data collection, we used demographic questionnaires, and Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy scale. For data analysis, Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression were performed using SPSS version 19.ResultsIn this study, most mothers had scores compatible with moderate self-efficacy in the first week, and in the sixth week had high self-efficacy for breastfeeding. There was a significant relationship between breastfeeding self-efficacy (BSE) score and employment status (p<0.0001). Also, we found significant BSE score differences between primiparous and multiparous women (p<0.001).ConclusionResults of the study indicate that breastfeeding duration increases the breastfeeding self-efficacy levels. So, Developing and implementing appropriate approaches are needed to improve breastfeeding duration in mothers.

The bio psychosocial phenomenon of substance abuse in adolescents is one of the most critical issues in today's society. One of the most important concerns regarding social and health policies is the increasing prevalence of addictive behavior, especially smoking in this age group.Objective: To assess the relationship between aggression and addiction tendency among students of Guilan University of Medical Sciences (GUMS) in Iran. Materials and Methods:In this analytical cross-sectional study, 280 students of GUMS were randomly selected. Data collection tool had three parts: demographic characteristics survey, Ahvaz Aggression Questionnaire (AAQ), and addiction tendency inventory in Persian. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and the Pearson correlation coefficient test. Results:The mean±SD age of the students was 21.75±2.90 years [range 18-38 years]. About 14.3% of the students had addiction tendency, and 32.5% had high aggression levels. There was a significant statistical relationship between addiction tendency and aggression with age, sex, marital status, educational level, housing location, employment, education and occupation of parents, monthly income, and socializing with friends (P=0.0001, r=0.52). Conclusion:The results of this study indicated an association between aggression and addiction tendency in students. The counseling centers of universities can provide student training on how to control aggression in different situations, and thereby prevent them from abusing drugs.