Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) complaints is an accumulation of injuries and pain in the musculoskeletal system. It is characterized by injuries on muscles, tendons, cartilages, ligaments, and vascular and nervous structures. Bus drivers are high-risk workers that experience MSDs complaints. MSDs on bus drivers can disrupt drivers’ performance, endanger drivers, passengers, and public road users. This study aims to review the literature on factors of MSDs complaints among bus drivers. The literature review method is used by compilation, tabulation, comparing the research results, and then summarizing it. The research was obtained from an accredited journal site (PubMed, Research Gate, Science Direct, Scopus) and the google scholar journal search page. After searching for keywords and screening with the research inclusion criteria, 15 studies were obtained. It was found that smoking habits, age, years of work, driving duration, work posture, vibration, work stress, and job dissatisfaction were the main factor of MSDs complaints on the bus driver. Several studies also show that bus drivers with a low level of physical activity, long driving duration, high driving frequency, unergonomic seats, feelings of anxiety and confusion during driving had a higher risk for experiencing MSDs complaints.

Fluidised bed combustion (FBC) has been recognised as a suitable technology for converting a wide variety of fuels into energy. In a fluidised bed, the air is passed through a bed of granular solids resting on a distributor plate. Distributor plate plays an essential role as it determines the gas-solid movement and mixing pattern in a fluidised bed. It is believed that the effect of distributor configurations such as variation of free area ratio and air inclination angle through the distributor will affect the operational pressure drop of the fluidised bed. This paper presents an investigation on pressure drop in fluidised bed without the presence of inert materials using different air distributor designs; conventional perforated plate, multi-nozzles, and two newly proposed slotted distributors (45° and 90° inclined slotted distributors). A 3-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is developed and compared with the experimental results. The flow model is based on the incompressible isothermal RNG k-epsilon turbulent model. In the present study, systematic grid-refinement is conducted to make sure that the simulation results are independent of the computational grid size. The non-dimensional wall distance,  is examined as a key factor to verify the grid independence by comparing results obtained at different grid resolutions. The multi-nozzles distributor yields higher distributor pressure drop with the averaged maximum value of 749 Pa followed by perforated, 45° and 90° inclined distributors where the maximum pressure drop recorded to be about one-fourth of the value of the multi-nozzles pressure drop. The maximum pressure drop was associated with the higher kinetic head of the inlet air due to the restricted and minimum number of distributor openings and low free area ratio. The results suggested that low-pressure drop operation in a fluidised bed can be achieved with the increase of open area ratio of the distributor.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of leadership style and supervision of principals on teacher work motivation. This research was conducted at Public Elementary School (SDN) Jejawi District, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, Indonesia. The method used is descriptive quantitative. The results of the study concluded: (1) leadership style has a significant effect on teacher work motivation; (2) the supervision of the principal has a significant effect on teacher work motivation; and (3) the leadership style and supervision of school principals have a significant effect on teacher work motivation.