Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenal mucosa. This study was aimed at evaluating the antiulcer activity of the aqueous extract of Nigella sativa (black seed) and its constitutents. The pharmacognostic properties of the dry seeds were determined. The seeds were extracted using two methods digestion and hydro-distillation. The acute toxicity, phytochemical constituents and the antiulcer evaluation were performed on ethanol-induced ulcer in wistar rats using a standard method. FTIR and GC-MS analysis of the aqueous seed extract was also determined using standard methods. Nigella sativa seed shows the presence of starch grains, lignified tissues, tannins, cellulose, protein and oil globules. The aqueous extract has a high safety margin. The phytochemical studies revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, fats and oil. The black seed aqueous and oil extract at 500 mg/kg significantly reduced the acidity, total acidity, and ulcer index, and pH of gastric content when compared with the positive control (Famotidine). The FTIR analysis identified the presence of the following functional groups chloro, ether, amine, carboxylic acid, nitriles, methylene, alcohol, while the GC-MS identified five compounds such as glycerin, n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid-methyl ester, 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid and 9, 12-octadecadienoyl chloride. The pharmacognostic properties can act as a reliable tool for the standardization of the plant part. This study suggests that aqueous and oil extract possess antiulcer properties. Thus the aqueous and oil extract of black seed can be considered as antiulcer medication traditionally. Keywords: Nigella sativa, Black seed, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, Acute toxicity (LD50), Antiulcer.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of multiple etiology characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both (WHO, 1999). These complications can be acute or chronic in nature. Acute complications include diabetic ketoacidosis, coma or death. Chronic complications include chronic kidney failure, heart disease, stroke, foot ulcers and damage of the eyes. In 2004, an estimated 3.4 million people died from consequences of high fasting blood sugar (WHO, 2009) and more than 80% of diabetes deaths occur in low and middle-income countries (Mathars and Loncar, 2006). Basically, the amount of glucose in the blood is regulated by insulin and glucagon. The hormone insulin is produced in the beta cells of the pancreas and helps the body cells especially liver, muscle and adipose tissue, to take up glucose in the blood for conversion/storage into other forms of energy for metabolic processes. Plants form the main ingredients of medicines in traditional systems of healing and have been the source for several major pharmaceutical drugs. More than 80% of the world's rural
In in-vivo experiments, one of the fastest killers of metabolic processes is prolonged accumulation of free radicals, which are often accomplices of lipid peroxidation reactions. In this wise, though numerous studies have advocated its managements with anti-oxidants, research on antioxidants from herbal source remain inconclusive. Thus, current study determined the anti-antioxidant and lipid lowering tendencies of methanol leaf extract of Dennettia tripetala on alloxan induced diabetic mice. Sixty five (65) mice were procured and randomly assigned into thirteen (13) groups of five mice each. Following period of acclimatization (2 weeks), animals were fed with various treatment as follows; Group 1 (normal control), group 2 (diabetic control), group 3 (received 5 mg/kg of Glibenclamide, a known anti-diabetic agent) and groups 4-13 were given 250 and 500 mg/kg doses of Methanol Extract [ME], N-Hexane Fraction [NH], Ethyl Acetate Fraction [EAF], Butanol [BF] and Water [WF] Fractions respectively. At the end of six (6) weeks treatment period, animals were subjected to overnight fast, with Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels obtained by means of a glucometer, serum lipid profile levels were assayed (using a spectrophotometer) after obtaining blood samples by cardiac puncture. In the end, obtained data were subjected to statistical comparisons of mean differences, using the one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Study observed a statistically significant decrease (p < 0.05) in FBG levels of extract treated group [ME] within 10 hours of acute treatment and 14 days short term treatment. Also, Administration of various treatments evoked a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoproteins, with a preponderant significant elevation (p < 0.05) of high density lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol) levels when compared with diabetic control.
Characterised by abnormal increase in blood glucose level, Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that is associated with complications in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. In recent times, medicinal herbs have been implicated in traditional medical practice for the treatment of this ailment. Studies have shown that Buchholzia coriacea seed possesses some anti-hyperglycemic properties that may be useful in the management of diabetes. To this point, present study investigated the effect(s) of oral administration of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Buchholzia coriacea on some carbohydrate metabolism parameters in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Forty (40) adult rats of both sexes were randomly assigned into two groups (normoglycemic and hyperglycemic). While group 1 (normoglycemic) had normal control, metformin, aqueous extract (250mg/kg) and ethanol extract (250 mg/kg) treated sub-groups respectively, Group 2 (hyperglycemic) contained the diabetic control, metformin, aqueous extract (250 mg/kg), and ethanol extracted (250mg/kg) treated sub-groups dosed daily by oral gavage for 14 days. At the end of the treatment, rats were euthanized via cervical dislocation; blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture for statistical analysis. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that dosing with extracts had insignificant effect(s) on body weight of rats. Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) levels were elevated before and after extracts administration. Metformin, aqueous and ethanol extracts significantly reduced (p<0.05) FBG levels. Also, compared with control, total carbohydrate, liver glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, Lactate Dehydrogenase, Isocitrate dehydrogenase, MDH, SDH, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, G6PD and CcO activities were significantly reduced (p<0.05) in diabetic treated rats. Buccholzia Coriacea was therefore seen to pose hypoglycemic and glycolytic effects, regulating activities of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes. Apparently, there is a scientific merit in the use of the extract in the management of diabetes.
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